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TS 10th Class Social 8th Lesson Rampur: A Village Economy

Question 1.
Draw a table with the following items and summarise various examples in the context of migrant labourers?
  1. Migrant labour
  2. Reasons for the migration
  3. Living standards of the migrants
  4. Economic impact on their lives
  5. Economic impact on the lives of people from where they migrated

Answer:

Question 2.
Compare and contrast the migration from rural to urban areas and rural to rural areas?

Answer:

Migration from Rural to Urban Area Migration from Rural to Rural Area
People migrate due to insufficient employment People migrate seasonally when there is a lot of work
Hope for higher incomes, better services, more opportunities for family members Most tribal and low caste people migrate
Work as labourers and in unorga¬nised sectors They are not skilled
Work in industries and service activities They work for meagre wages.
Greater freedom and less discri¬mination based on caste and gender They live in poor conditions of living
Remittance supplement family income They find employment in sugarcane cutting, rice production activities, mining, tea plantations, fish processing etc
Question 3.
Which of the following could be considered as seasonal migration? Why?
  1. Women moving from their parents house to husband house due to marriage
  2. Turmeric harvesters moving from one district to another district in Tamil Nadu for three months in a year
  3. Cycle rickshaw pullers in Delhi coming from rural parts of Bihar for six months a year
  4. Women from Nalgonda district come to work as domestic maids in Hyderabad

Answer:

  1. This could not be considered as a seasonal migration. In accordance with our social norms wife is supposed to live permanently in the house of her husband
  2. This could be considered as a seasonal migration. Because duration of the season is three months, which is below the 6 months norm
  3. This could be considered as a seasonal migration as it is not more than 6 months and the migration is done every year
  4. This could not be considered as seasonal migration as the domestic maids need to serve
    5. throughout the year
Question 4.
Do you think migrants are trouble makers/trouble shooters in their destinations? Justify your answer?

Answer:

  1. I think migrants are trouble shooters
  2. In almost all examples from our lesson, migrants served the purpose
  3. They were nowhere trouble makers
  4. But for them, most works cannot be easily completed
  5. Though they lived in inhumane conditions, they worked hard
  6. Apart from these, they eke out a living
Question 5.
The following are migrants of different types. Classify th into internal and international migrants?
  1. People going from India to Saudi Arabia to work as technicians
  2. Agricultural labourers going from Bihar to Punjab
  3. Brick workers going from Odisha to Andhra Pradesh
  4. Teachers going from China to India to teach Chinese to Indian children

Answer:

Question 6.
Most children of migrant families become dropouts. Do you agree with this statement? Justify your answer?

Answer:

  1. Most children of migrant families become dropouts
  2. I do agree with this statement
  3. Children accompanying their parents do not have creche facilities
  4. Grown-up children are not able to continue their studies at their parents new work places
  5. Schools in their native place refuse to take them again when they come back
  6. They finally become dropouts
  7. Young girls in such families are required to take care of siblings and many of them become dropouts
Question 7.
How does rural to urban migration increase the purchasing power of people in rural areas?
(OR) How does migration affect the purchasing power of people?

Answer:

  1. Rural to urban migration increases the purchasing power of people in rural areas
  2. Remittances are an important means of supplementing or generating additional income for the rural families
  3. Migration allows households to meet debt and other obligations without having to sell assets
  4. The majority of migrants either remit or bring back savings
  5. Migrant families buy house, land, agricultural machinery and consumer durables
  6. Thus, their purchasing power increases
Question 8.
Why are only professionals able to go to developed countries? Why cannot unskilled workers migrate to these countries?

Answer:

  1. Professionals are able to go to developed countries
  2. Unskilled workers cannot migrate to these countries
  3. Developed countries depend a lot on industries and service sector
  4. They require people with technical skills and professionals
  5. So, the unskilled workers cannot serve the purpose
  6. Thus, there is no scope for unskilled workers to migrate to developed countries
Question 9.
Why are only unskilled workers from India wanted in West Asian countries?

Answer:

  1. Only unskilled workers from India are wanted in West Asian countries
  2. Semi-skilled workers also migrate to these countries
  3. They are oil-exporting countries
  4. They employ workers on contract basis
  5. They empldy workers on large scale with lower wages
  6. They do not nekL^technically skilled or professionals for these jobs
  7. Besides, the need to pay handsome perks and emoluments
  8. Thus, only unskilled workers are wanted in West Asian countries
Question 10.
Why are workers from three states able to go to a considerable extent to work in West Asia?

Answer:

  1. Unskilled and semi-skilled workers migrate to West Asian countries
  2. Nearly three fifths of workers going to West Asia are from Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh
  3. A considerable section of these are engaged in construction projects, maintenance services, transport and telecommunications.
  4. Most work in oil exporting work
  5. Nearly 30-40 years back many people from these three states went there
  6. They are using the contacts and network in West Asia and making to migrate others from their birth places
Question 11.
Describe the similarities and differences between the impacts of internal and international migration?

Answer: People generally migrate to improve their standard of living. Sometimes it is internal and sometimes internationals. The differences are

Internal Migration Internal Migration
1) Due to insufficient employment, inadequate income, with hope of higher incomes, better services people migrate 1) People with technical skills and professional expertise have migrated to developed countries
2) Work as hawkers, painters, mechanics, rickshaw pullers, const¬ruction labour etc 2) Unskilled and semi-skilled workers migrate to oil exporting countries of the West Asia
3) Engage in industry and service activities 3) These are engaged in construction projects, maintenance services, transport and telecommunications
4) Remittances are important to families 4) Families are able to pay back loans, buy assets and standard of life improves
5) They supplement and generate additional incomes 5) Kerala has recorded a stupendous growth in remittances from other countries
These people retain economic ties in rural areas #
7) Family decides member to migrate or not #

10th Class Social Studies 8th Lesson People and Migration InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Draw a sketch map showing Kurnool district along with Nandyala town. Mark arrow lines linking the names listed in the case study?

Answer:

Question 2.
Here is a list of a few people. Categorise them as migrant or non-migrant. Indicate the pattern and guess the probable reasons for migration?

Answer:

Question 3.
Read the following table and complete the required information?

Answer:

Question 4.
In the following map, what are the states from which migrant come to Delhi ?

Answer: From Bihar, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh, migrants come to Delhi

Question 5.
In the following map, form which states do the people migrate to Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka?

Answer:

  1. From Karnataka migrants come to Andhra Pradesh
  2. There is no migration from other states to Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh..
Question 6.
In the following map, look at Tamil Nadu, what could be reasons out-migration and in migration?

Answer:

  1. People migrate to Tamil Nadu to acquire new skills, to find new jobs, to find job in the film industry and to earn a better salary
  2. People migrate from Tamil Nadu to Kerala in the tourism industry
Question 7.
Interview a person who has come to a town to work in the unorganized sector as a labourer or domestic servant and write her story (see the case study of Ramaiah) ?

Answer: Seethamma - a domestic helper in Bengaluru. I hail from Pedavadlapudi village, Mangalagiri Mandal, Guntur District. I am 56 years old. We have two male children. Both of them are married off. My husband used to pull rickshaw. But his untimely death, a few years ago made my life miserable. We have some debts to be repaid. A woman of acquaintance introduced me to Mr. and Mrs. Rao. Both of them are software professionals. They hail from our village and are working in Bengaluru. They were married two years back. Recently Mrs. Rao gave birth to a male child. As they couldnt afford to foster him in time, I was asked to take care of the child and work as a domestic helper. They cleared our debts in advance and deduct them from my wage. I go to my place for some festivals

Question 8.
If you live in a rural area, interview a person who has come on a vacation from working in a town in the unorganized sector, write his story (see the case study of Ramaiah) ?

Answer: Suresh - a salesman in a readymade shop. I was a resident of Pedakonduru village of Duggirala Mandal in Guntur District. I studied up to 5th class in Pedakonduru elementary school and later up to 10th class in Pedapalem, a 2 km journey upwards. Later I could not continue my studies. Later I went to Vijayawada, a 17 km distant city in nearby district Krishna. I joined Step-n- Style a readymade garment shop at Patamata in Vijayawada. Except salary they do not provide me with any other facility. It is the work under unorganized sector. Our shop works 7 days a week. Each one is allowed to take a weekly off on a different day of the week. I have been working there for the last 17 years. I had pleasure working there for that much time. At times, we arent even given off on festival days. Most of the customers are of friendly nature and we dont usually have any tensions

Question 9.
Compare and contrast these two situations?

Answer:

  1. Both of them do not work in any organised sector
  2. Both of them are paid low
  3. Both of them are denied of good health and family care programmes
  4. Domestic helper life took different turn after facing many difficulties
  5. Salesman was unable to get well educated
  6. He was contented and did not attempt to improve his education.
  7. Both of them work in different working conditions
Question 10.
Why are contacts and networks essential for getting jobs in urban areas?

Answer:

  1. Contacts and networks are crucial for getting jobs in urban areas
  2. Migration is the survival strategy for many families
  3. Villagers pre-arrange their jobs from rural areas
  4. They come to urban areas through their contacts or networks
  5. Migrants also pass on the urban opportunities to the rural masses
  6. So that potential migrants can engage in rural-based job research
Question 11.
Calculate the total number of persons added to urban population for each period and percentage of each group. Write sentences for each bullet point?

Answer:

  1. During 1961-71, there were 31 million (20 + 5 + 6) people added in the urban population. In terms of percentage, 65% increase was due to natural increase, 16% was due to expansion of urban areas and 19% was due to migration
  2. During 1971-81, there were 50 million people added in the urban population. In terms of percentage, 52% increase was due to natural increase, 28 was due to expansion of urban areas and 20 was due to migration
  3. During 1981-1991 there were 56 million people added in the urban population. In terms of percentage, 63% increase was due to natural increase, 14% was due to expansion of urban areas and 23% was due to migration
  4. During 1991-2001, there were 67 million people added in the urban population. In terms of percentage, 60% increase was due to natural increase, 19% was due to expansion of urban areas and 21% was due to migration
Question 12.
Observe the graph given on page 107 in Textbook and answer the following questions How would you construct a table to show the effect of migration for the entire period 1961 - 2011?

Answer:

Question1.
When people move out of rural areas which sector of the economy in the rural area loses the most number of people? Why?

Answer:

  1. When people move out of rural areas primary sector of economy in the rural area loses the most number of people
  2. Had they not been moved out of rural areas, they would have taken part in agriculture and allied activities
  3. So, primary sector is losing the most number of people
Question2.
In urban areas, what are the common sector(s) of the economy in which migrants from the rural areas find employment? What are the reasons for this?

Answer:

  1. Most urban migrants find employment in the unorganised sector
  2. They work as hawkers, painters, mechanics, rickshaw pullers, construction labour etc
  3. They come to work in industries and other service activities
  4. They have opportunities for education and acquiring skills
  5. Urban areas also appear to offer greater freedom and somewhat less discrimination based on caste and gender
  6. They want to increase their income and they desire better family prospects
Question 13.
Why is there a shortage of sugarcane cutters in western Maharashtra ?

Answer:

  1. There is a shortage of sugarcane cutters in western Maharashtra
  2. Maharashtra produces about 70 % of sugar in the country
  3. It has about 186 cooperative sugar factories
  4. Large scale sugarcane cultivation began here in the early 1970s after the Koina dam was built
  5. Sugarcane cutting requires a lot of workers
  6. It needed to be transported to mills at the earliest.
  7. As many of the western Maharashtra farmers are growing sugarcane, there is a shortage of sugarcane cutters
  8. On the contrary, central Maharashtra, i.e., Vidharbha region is less cultivated, so there is scope of migration
Question 14.
What would happen to children who come with their parents? Is it possible to bring these children to schools? Are there any provisions in the government laws for educating these children?

Answer:

  1. The children who come with their parents are engaged in piling the canes that are cut and removed the leaves if they are of working age
  2. As their parents are living in bamboo huts, it is difficult for children to go to school
  3. It is a seasonal migration
  4. There is no provision of schools
  5. It is possible to bring these children to schools
  6. It requires a lot of care and interest on the part of the government
  7. There are provisions like setting up of Bridge schools and seasonal hostels for children of migrated parents
Question 15.
Why are sugarcane cutters employed only for six months? What work might they do during the other six months of the year?

Answer:

  1. Sugarcane cutters are employed only for six months
  2. Because the season ends with it
  3. Sugarcane cutters come there due to distress caused in rural areas
  4. They might do agricultural works or MNREGA works during the other six months of the year
Question 16.
How could the living conditions of these workers be improved?

Answer:

  1. They live in small conical huts
  2. They live together with animals in congested conditions
  3. They have to fight exhaustion all the time
  4. The living conditions of these workers have to be improved
  5. The owners of sugarcane cultivating lands, the government at the state and even local self governments should take initiative to develop their living conditions
  6. They should set up health clinics, make shift houses and schools, fix proper wages and work hours
  7. See that children are not engaged in work, but sent to schools
Question 17.
The seven districts in western Maharashtra- Nasik, Ahmadnagar, Pune, Satara, Sangli, Kolhapur and Sholapur - comprise the "sugar belt" which extends into Surat (Gujarat) in the north and Belgaum (Karnataka) in the south. Five districts of the arid Marathwada region - Beed, Jalgaon, Ahmadnagar, Nasik and Jalna - send out labour to this sugar belt for six months every year for sugarcane harvesting. Draw arrow lines on a map showing districts of origin and destination of migrants?

Answer:

Question 18.
Describe an example of seasonal migration of your region?

Answer:

  1. People from our region migrate to Guntur and other towns to work in tobacco barons
  2. With the gap in agricultural activities, many of the landless poor and even marginal farmers migrate there in search of employment
  3. Leaving the children with grandparents, they migrate to work in barons
  4. They bring back their savings
Question 19.
What can be done so that migrants are able to get food, health and family care programmes?

Answer:

  1. Migrants should get good food, health and family care programmes
  2. It should be made possible for them to get food from fair price shops at their work places
  3. Make-shift hospitals with doctors and nurses are to be established at or near the work places
  4. Necessary care must be taken to prevent accidents in work places
  5. Unorganised sector workers are also to be provided with access to various health and family care programmes
Question 20.
There are some initiatives taken by government and voluntary agencies. Find out if there is any such initiative in your area. Invite some persons from such agencies for a talk in the school?

Answer: Self Activity

Question 21.
National boundaries are protected against migrants. Here are examples of?
  1. USA on Mexican border
  2. South Korea on North Korean border
  3. India on Bangladesh border
What do you think of migrants across the border?

Answer: In the above figures the national boundaries of Mexico - the USA, South Korea - North Korea and India - Bangladesh are shown. It is common to arrange a fence between two countries along the border. The soldiers belonging to both the countries always safeguard the borders. But, due to many reasons different people try to cross the borders and enter the neighbouring countries. Some among them are terrorists who resort to violence and destruction in their enemy countries. They are induced and inspired by respective countries. They are called state sponsored terrorists

In terms of employment and infrastructure, America is more attractive than Mexico. That is the reason why some people enter that country in illegal ways. Both South Korean and North Korean governments have different doctrines. One is communist whereas the other is capitalist. Those who differ with other countries doctrines try to cross the borders and go from one country to other for the sake of spying

In Bangladesh, the rule has been dictatorial and the life of people there has been pathetic for ages. So some people of that country cross the border and enter the democratic country India. The states such as Paschim Banga and Assam are facing a grave problem with these people

It a crime to cross the borders in an illegal way. And these people become a problem to the country they enter

Question 22.
Draw arrow lines on a World Map depicting people from India going to different countries mentioned in the above passages?
  1. USA
  2. Canada
  3. United Kingdom
  4. Australia
  5. Germany
  6. Norway
  7. Japan
  8. Malaysia
  9. Saudi Arabia
  10. UAE

Answer:

Important Question

TS 10th Class Social Important Questions 8th Lesson Rampur: A Village Economy

1 Mark Questions
Question 1.
Write any two aspects of Rampur villages economy which you like?

Answer:

  1. In Rampur no land is left ¡die
  2. Non-agricultural sector also developed
  3. Due to development of transport sector, other sectors of economy also developed
Question 2.
What is multiple cropping?

Answer: To grow more than one crop on a piece of land during the same year is called multiple cropping

Question 3.
What are the main non-farm production activities taking place in your region?

Answer:

  1. Transportation
  2. Dairy farming
  3. Brick making
  4. Carpentry
  5. Basket making
  6. Poultry
  7. Shopkeeping
  8. Fishing, etc
Question 4.
Who are called labour force?

Answer: Labour force: People, in the age group of 15 - 59 are labour force

Question 5.
Create a slogan on the importance of agriculture?

Answer:

  • Without agriculture - There is no future
  • No farmer - No food
Question 6.
How do the small farmers procure the capital needed for farming?

Answer: The small farmers procure the capital needed for farming by borrowing money from

  • Large farmers
  • Moneylenders
  • The traders who supply various inputs for cultivation
Question 7.
What is the difference between Physical Capital and Working Capital?

Answer: The differences between Physical Capital and Working Capital:

Physical Capital Working Capital
The capital used for the purchase of machinery for the production of goods for many years The capital used for bung raw materials and other payments to complete the production
Question 8.
Which is the main production activity ¡n villages across India?

Answer: Farmings the main production activity in villages across India

Question 9.
Name any two non-farming activities in Rampur village?

Answer: Small-scale manufacturing, dairy farming, transport services, etc

Question 10.
Who owns the majority of land n Rampur village?

Answer: 80 upper caste families own the majority of land in Rampur village

Question 11.
What educational facilities are available in Rampur village?

Answer: Rampur has two primary schools and one high school

Question 12.
What health facilities are available in Rampur village?

Answer: Rampur has a primary health centre run by the government and one private dispensary where the sick are treated

Question 13.
What Is the maIn aim of production?

Answer: The main aim of production is to produce goods and services required by the people

Question 14.
What is marketable surplus?

Answer: The difference between the quantity of output that a fanner produces during a year and the quantity that he keeps with himself for his own and familys consumption is called marketable surplus

Question 15.
Who are small farmers?

Answer: Farmers who own less than 2 hectares of land are known as small farmers

Question 16.
Who are the medium farmers?

Answer: Farmers who own more than 2 hectares and less than 10 hectares of land are called medium farmers

Question 17.
Who are large farmers?

Answer: The farmers who own more than 10 hectares of land are known as large farmers

Question 18.
What is the basic constraint In raising farm production?

Answer: Land area under cultivation is the basic constraint si raising farm production because it is fixed and scarce

Question 19.
What is the minimum wage rate for a farm labourer?

Answer: The minimum wages for a farm labourer set by government ¡s Rs, 60/- per day

Question 20.
Which is the most abundant factor of production?

Answer: Labour Is the most abundant factor of production

Question 21.
What do medium and large farmers do with their earnings from surplus farm produce?

Answer: A part of the earning from surplus farm produce is saved and kept for buying capital for the next season. Mother part may be utilised for lending to small farmers who require loan

Question 22.
How did the spread of electricity help the people of Rampur?

Answer:

  • Electricity helped farmers in running tube walls in the fields
  • It is also used for carrying out various small-scale businesses in the village
Question 23.
What are the sources of Irrigation?

Answer:

  1. Canals
  2. Tubewells
  3. Tanks and
  4. Rains
Question 24.
What is fixed capital?

Answer: Tools, machines and buildings are caned fixed capital because these can be used in production for several years

Question 25.
What is working capital?

Answer: Raw materials arid money form part of working capital. The capital which s used for production is known as working capital

Question 26.
Classify the capital investment on various Items In production?

Answer: There are two types of capital investments in production

  1. Physical or fixed capital
  2. Working capital
Question 27.
Name the items/factors that are needed for production?

Answer: There are four factors of production. They are:

  1. land
  2. labour
  3. capital and
  4. organisation
Question 28.
What is the main factor of production in the agricultural sector?

Answer: The main factor of production in the agriculture sector is land

2 Marks Questions
Question 1.
Write a letter to the Tasildar (MRO), explaênin9 the problems faced by the farmers because of famine?

Answer: Siricilla Date xxxxxxxxx. To, The TasPdar, Mandai Revenue office, Sincilia. Sub: Problems faced by farmers due to famine- request for write-off old loans. Respected Sir, I am from Ramnagar, Sincilla. I would like bring to your notice the following one and for favourable help. The rains are very less In the previous year. So. crops left much loss. The farmers get into debt. They cant repay the loans. They need money for purchasing seeds, fertilizers, and pesticides and to cultivate the land. It will be highly difficult to get a loan again from a bank. Hence, I request you to place it in front of the government, write - off the old loans and give them the new loans. I hope you provide immediate help to the farmers without loss to them to grow the crop this year. Thanking you sir, Yours truly, xxxxxxxxxx. Address on the envelope: To The Tasildar, Mandai Revenue office. Siricilla Mandai, Siriodla Karimnagar (Dist)

Question 2.
Mention the factors of production?

Answer: Factors of production are

  1. Land
  2. Labour
  3. Capital
  4. Knowledge and enterprise
Question 3.
Today, why is there a need of expansion of non-farm activities In rural areas?

Answer: Nowadays farming is not providing regular employment to rural people and they are not getting sufficient income also. Thats why expansion of non-farm Activities in rural areas Is needed. Nowadays people with some amount of capital can set up non-farm activities

It requires very little land, Banks provides loans to sell employment purpose. People can get market facilities to sell their goods. Neighbouring towns and cities provide more demand to the village goods. Ex: Milk, jaggery, broomsticks etc

Question 4.
Explain any one factor of production?

Answer: Land: An area of ground, especially when used for a particular purpose such as farming or building; A necessary factor for production. Labour: Workers especially people who do practical work with their hands. Working Capital: The requirement of raw materials and money which are used up n the production cycle. Fixed capital: Physical Capital Toots, machines and buildings, which are not used up or consumed immediately in the production process Knowledge: It is essential to use all the above in a meaningful way to produce some goods or services

Question 5.
How do the farmers get their capital for agriculture?

Answer: For capital, farmers face many troubles. They get their capital by borrowing from large farmers and village money lenders. They take loans from traders who supply various inputs for cultivation. They get from banks also but very less and rare

Question 6.
Modern farming methods require more Inputs which are manufactured In Industry. Do you agree?

Answer: Yes, modern farming methods like the use of fertilizers, pesticides, high-yielding variety of seeds, power-driven tubewells of Irrigation, latest tools and implements like tractors. harvesters threshers, etc. require more Inputs which are manufactured In industry

Question 7.
Is it Important to increase the area under irrigation? Why?

Answer:

  1. It is very important to increase the area under irrigation because it s not wise to depend on monsoon rains which were uncertain and erratic
  2. To increase production we have to bring more area under irrigation
  3. It helps us to improve the farming pattern or adopt modem fariTwig methods li those areas
Question 8.
Give the characteristics of Rural Industries?

Answer:

  1. Rural industries are small-scale manufacturing units
  2. They involve very simple production methods
  3. The output is very small
  4. The work is usually carried out by the members of the family
  5. The work is carried out at home and not in workshops
  6. The profits earned are also less
Question 9.
Explain Multiple Cropping in your own words?

Answer: Growing more than one crop on a piece of land during the year is known as multiple cropping. It is the most common and traditional practice to increase production on a given piece of land. All farmers In Rampur grow at least two main crops

Question 10.
Which changes have taken place In the way of farming practices In India?

Answer:

  1. Traditional seeds have been replaced by HYVS
  2. Natural manures were replaced by chemical fertilizers
  3. Use of pesticides
  4. Use of farm machinery
  5. Use of tube wells for irrigation, instead of Persian wheels
Question 11.
Excessive use of chemical Fertiliser and pesticides declines the Fertility of land. Give your opinion on this?

Answer:

  1. Experience shows fertility of lands declining due to overuse, and excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides
  2. The situation of water Is equally alarming
  3. Underground water tables have fallen rapidly across the country.
  4. Pesticides sprayed act on only 10% on pest remaining act on environment
  5. The use of natural resources also has not always been judicious while Increasing production
Question 12.
Labour in an essential item for production. Read the statement and Interpret It?

Answer:

  1. Labour means people who do the work either highly trained and educated or who can do manual work
  2. Each worker is providing the necessary labour for production
  3. Skilled or semiskilled or unskilled labour in are providing labour for production
  4. Thus labour is an essential item In production
Question 13.
The expenditure on tools, machines and buildings is called physical capital. Explain why?

Answer:

  1. The expenditure on tools, machines and buildings is called physical capital
  2. They are not used up or consumed immediately in the process of production
  3. They help to produce goods over many years
  4. They require some repel and maintenance so that they remain useful and can be used year after year
  5. That is why they are called fixed or physical capital
Question 14.
Ground-level waters are rigorously declining nationwide. Suggest some alternatives?

Answer:

  1. Underground water levels are deteriorating at a faster rate throughout India
  2. To conserve water schemes like watersheds, and soaking pits. check-dams, afforestation, bund construction, etc. should be taken up
  3. Digging borewells should be allowed only for drinking water but not irrigation
  4. Farmers should look for alternate crops which use lesser water
Question 15.
Name some dairy activities in your area?

Answer:

  1. Many families in my region are engaged in milk production
  2. Various types of grass, maize, bajra. etc. is used to feed the cattle
  3. Two tradesmen established milk collection and storing points
  4. Family labour and especially women take care of the rearing of animals
Question 16.
Explain the business tactics of a small businessman In your area?

Answer:

  1. One Mr, Venkateswara Rao organised cloth business in my region
  2. In the beginning, he used to wander every household to sell clothes and collects money weekly
  3. By conducting his business reliably and supplying quality items he became popular
  4. Later he set up his own business firm and till date it is running well
Question 17.
What are the aims and objectives that are directed by the landless rural workers or labourers?

Answer: The aim and objectives that are directed by the landless rural workers or labourers:

  1. Some more days of work
  2. Still better wages
  3. Better education to their children in the local govt. school
  4. No social discrimination
  5. Chances of leadership activities, etc
4 Marks Questions
Question 1.
Read the given paragraph and interpret it. Labour being the most abundant factor of production, It would be ¡deal ¡f the new ways of farming used much more labour. Unfortunately, such a thing has not happened. The use of labour on farms is limited. The labour, looking for opportunities is thus migrating to neighbouring villages, towns and cities. Some labour has entered the non-farm sector in the village?

Answer:

  1. Labour means people who do the work either highly trained and educated or who can do manual work
  2. Each worker is providing necessary labour for production
  3. Skilled or semiskilled or unskilled labour - all are providing labour for production
  4. Thuslabour is essential item in production
Conclusion: If government provides loans to landless labour for agricultural purposes, motor pump sets, engines, etc. more labour we will find in the agricultural sector.
Question 2.
Observe the following table and analyse It. Data refers to the land cultivated by farmers?
Type of farmers Size of plots % of farmers % of cultivated area
small farmers Less than 2 hectares 87% 48%
Medium and Large Farmers More than 2 hectares 13% 52%

Answer:

  1. The given data refers to the Land cultivated by farmers
  2. As per the data, 87% of the total farmers, i.e. small farmers are cultivating only 48% of the total land
  3. The remaining 13% of the farmers are medium and large farmers. They are cultivating the remaining 52% of the land
  4. This indicates that there is no equal distribution of land among farmers
  5. I opine that the distribution of cultivated land Is unequal in India
Question 3.
Mention the factors of production and explain any two of them?

Answer:

  1. The aim of production is to produce the goods and services that we want
  2. There are four requirements for production of goods and services
They are:
  1. Land
  2. Labour
  3. Capital
  4. Physical or fixed capital
  5. Working capital
  6. Knowledge and enterprise
  7. Land: The first requirement is land, and other natural resources such as water, forests minerals. It is a free gift of nature and it is neither created nor destroyed
  8. Labour: It is a factor which helps in production. There are three types of labour - skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled. Some production activities require highly educated workers to perform the necessary task. Other activities require manual work. Each worker provides the labour necessary for production
Question 4.
Describe the wor1i of a farmer with 1 hectare of land?

Answer: A farmer who works n a farm of 1-hectare land has to face so many problems. A small farmer knows that he cannot meet his both ends and means just by working on such a small piece of land. So after working on his own field he has to work as a labourer in the fields of some big farmers for a petty amount of Rs. 35.40 per day

Even to start cultivating his own land he has neither means nor money for buying seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, etc. Being a very small farmer he does not have any equipment or working capital

To arrange all these things the farmer has to take a loan either from a village farmer or a trader or a moneylender at a hefty Interest rate. Even after putting so much labour, there is always a chance for him to be trapped in a debt cycle which will be always a big cause of tension for him

Question 5.
Discuss some ideas that would prevent overuse of water by?
  1. Farmers
  2. Industrialists
  3. Households

Answer:

  1. Farmers
  1. By providing free power to farmers
  2. Through appropriate incentives and penalties
  1. Industnalists
  1. Cheap water that can be rapidly pumped from underground aquifers
  2. Industrial wastes should not be drained into canals and rivers
  1. Households :
  1. Turning off the taps property
  2. Control over use of pesticides and chemicals
  3. Having more plants in gardens in houses
Question 6.
Read the following paragraph and write your opinion. The land is the most crucial factor necessary for farm production. Land area under cultivation, however, is practically fled. In Rarrur, since 1921., there has been no expansion in land area under cultivation. By then, the nearby forests had been cleared and some of the wastelands in the village were converted to cultivable land. There is no future scope to increase agriculture production by bringing new land under cultivation?

Answer:
The given paragraph says that land is essential for agriculture. The cultivable Land is not expanding. In some areas, a few forest lands are cleared and the waste Land is being converted to agricultural land. There is no other way of expansion of land

My opinion Is that the issue discussed in this paragraph is correct The basic factor of production is land, The population is increasing day by day. The food grain production is not increasing or expanding in proportion to the population. It is the time for searching new ways of increasing production of food grains. Green revolution is also to be encouraged

Rampur village s a model for us. The villagers depend on other activities also for their earnings. By involving in transportation, shopkeeping and so on Is better for livelihood but it doss not help in increasing food grains. In conclusion, I would like to say that there is much land without irrigation. Due to some other reasons Irke power cut, lack of capital, non-availability of groundwater the farmers are not able to Involve in farm activities. The government should concentrate on these issues and try to solve them so as to increase the cultivable land and increase the food grains

Question 7.
Read the following paragraph and write your comments. Most small farmers have to borrow money to arrange for the wo capital. The borrow from large farmers or the village moneylenders or the traders who supply various inputs for cultivation. The rate of interest on such loans is very high. They are put to a eat distress to repay the loan?

Answer: According to the given paragraph, small farmers in villages take loans from the money lenders. They dont have sufficient capital for farming activities As they are charged high rate of interest, they are put to distress. This is the real situation of the small farmers

I do agree with this. My comments on this paragraph are as follows. Generally, large farmers have sufficient capital for next crop. Small farmers depend on others for loans. Some small farmers depend on the owners of land where they work. Most of the small farmers work on others land becu& of their small farms

The money lenders and traders charge high rate of interest and so the debts release. Sometimes crop failures lead to bankrupts and they commit suicide. Banks dont give loans to small farmers as they dont have collateral. Government should concentrate on providing loan facility to the small farmers without collateral. Farmers cooperative societies are to be encouraged. Minimum facilities and needs are to be identified and fulfilled

Question 8.
Read the following paragraph and Interpret. There Is often a loss in farm activities, especially when crops are damaged because of floods, pests, etc. The other risk is sudden fall in the price of agricultural produce. In such a situation, farmers find it difficult to recover the working capital they had spent?

Answer: According to the paragraph given itas clearly understood that when there is a natural hazard like floods or pests the farmers life will be in risk. In those conditions, they hardly survive. Many of (tie farmers commit suicide because of this situation. Farmers normally desire to grow more food grains, They hope the yield must be more. They spend much on agriculture. They depend on moneylenders for loans. Sometimes they take loans from banks also. They have to pay all these loans when the yield comes

Due to the pests, floods or drought they dont have money to pay the loans or for their survive. Many a time, they commit suicides that we have been observing m the newspaper and watching on television news. The farmer is the backbone of economy in India. When they face this type of situation the government should give them a helping hand. They should be saved from losing their lives. Agriculture should not be neglected because of these reasons, New schemes should be launched for the sake of tanners who lose because of these natural hazards. Otherwise, agriculture is discouraged. By this time, already its share in GDP is decreasing. It is not expected to the country which stands in second rank in population

Question 9.
The distribution of farmers in India and the amount of land they cultivate are in the following table?
Type of Farmers Size of Plots Percentage of Farmers Percentage of Cultivated Area
Small farmers Less than 2 ha 87% 48%
Medium and Large Farmers More than 2 ha 13% 52%

Read the above table and answer the following questions

Question 1. How many types of farmers are there? Name them?

Answer: There are 2 types of farmers. They are

  1. small
  2. medium and large
Question 2. Which type of farmers are ¡n high percentage?

Answer: Small farmers (87%) are high in percentage

Question 3. What is the difference between the percentage of cultivated area?

Answer: Theie 4% difference in percentage of the cultivated area

Question 4. What is the cause and reason for the high concentration of cultivated area In the hands of medium and large batteries?

Answer: The landholdings of large and medium farmers are high

Question 10.
Based on the pie chart and the particulars given below, answer the questions?
Question (A) Which kind of houses are more In Rampur Village?

Answer: Huts and thatched houses are more in Rampur village

Question (B) In which category does 60% of Rampur village belong?

Answer: 60% of Pampur village belong to the poor class

Question (C) State approximately, the number of middle-class people In Rampur village?

Answer: 25% people of Rampur belong to middle class

Question (D) Which category of people live in the terraced houses built with cement and bricks?

Answer: Rich people live in the terraced houses built with cement and bricks

Question 11.
Read the table given below and answer the following questions?
img
Question (a) What are the works done only by male workers?

Answer: Ploughing

Question (b) What are the works done only by female workers?

Answer: Transplanting, Picking cotton

Question (c) In which works, the wages are different for male and female?

Answer: Sowing, Weeding, Harvesting. Winnowing, Threshing

Question (d) What are the reasons for paying less wages to female workers than male workers?

Answer: The concept existing in the society is that the women do less work then men

Question 12.
Locate the following in the given map of India?
Question 1. Capital of Maharashtra?

Answer: Mumbai

Question 2. The birthplace of river Godavari?

Answer: Thyambak

Question 3. The birthplace of river Krishna?

Answer: Mahabaleshwar

Question 4. Santal tribal people are in this state?

Answer: Odisha

Question 5. Tripura?

Answer:

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