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TS 10th Class Social 5th Lesson Questions and Answers - Indian Rivers and Water Resources

Question 1.
Draw a table to describe the major river systems in India with the following items: direction of flow, countries or regions through which they pass, and relief features of the areas?
Items Major River Systems in India
Direction of flow The Indus -Flows from north to north-west The Ganga - Flows from north to north-east The Brahmaputra - Flows from North to north-east The peninsular rivers except Narmada and Tapati - West to east The Narmadas & Tapati-East to west
Countries or regions through which they pass through The Indus - Pakistan, Tibet (China), India The Ganga - India, Bangladesh The Brahmaputra - India, Tibet, Bangladesh The Peninsular Rivers - India, Tibet (China), Bangladesh
Relief features of the areas The Himalayan Rivers: Mountains and plains The Peninsular Rivers: Hills, Deccan Plateau, and plains
Question 2.
Identify and list arguments that would support or oppose the use of groundwater In various contexts such as agriculture, industry, etc?

Answer:

  1. Groundwater Is the major source of drinking water in both urban and rural India
  2. It is also important source of water for the agricultural, Industrial, and other sectors
The arguments that would support the usage of underground water are:
  1. These include higher productivity and its more equitable distribution among various classes of farmers, insurance against drought and stabilization of agricultural production, and enhanced employment generation
  2. Underground water is both an important Input for manufacturing and industrial sectors and used as coolant for machines
  3. Cheap water can be rapidly pumped from underground aquifers and it has been a major factor in the success of Indias economic growth
The arguments that would oppose the usage of under groundwater:
  1. India is the worlds largest groundwater user in terms of both absolute volumes pumped and the total number of users
  2. It led to declining groundwater levels and seawater intrusion in coastal areas
  3. There is a continuous growth endark and over-exploited areas m the country
  4. Industrial waste is largely responsible for high level of pollutants found in groundwater
Question 3.
Make a list of challenges faced In the water resources In the Tungabhadra basin. Identify the solutions that have been discussed In the context of these problems either In this chapter or elsewhere In different classes?

Answer: The Tungabhadra river basin is one of the major sub-basin of the Krishna River basin in peninsular India

  1. Challenges faced In the water resources In the Tungabhadra basin: Urbanization and water demands: Urbanization is a process by which a drainage district undergoes two major dangers, viz
  2. Increase of population density and
  3. Increase of impervious area
  4. Such as residential, commercial and industrial along with other infrastructure developments which take place in watersheds inflict sometimes irreversible damages to natural flow regimes and the quality of water available
  5. Population growth leading to increasing pressures: Population growth increases economic activity and improved standards of living lead to increased competition and conflicts over the limited freshwater resource
  6. Drinking water scenario in Tungabhadra basin: Water is the prime need for human survival and also for industrial development. Both groundwater and surface water meet the drinking water requirements for various towns and villages across the basin
  7. Water Demands from Industrial sector in Tungabhadra Basin: The Industrial sector is one of the major stakeholders of water consumption in the basin. 19 major industries are located on the bank of the river. A few more have come up in recent years and the demand on the water sector is quite increasing. The total consumption of industrial sector is 6.1 TMC ft
  8. Water and agricultural sector in Tungabhadra basin: Approximately 80% of the poor live in rural areas of the basin and are dependent on agriculture for their livelihoods
  9. Land use cover and Land use change in Tungabliadra basin: The land use change in the basin over a period is changed. e.g: Forest area increased, and land available for non-cultivation is decreased
  10. Variations In cropping pattern: It is observed that canal irrigation is increased. Tanks irrigation has come down due to encroachment through irrigation, built-up areas, silt accumulation, and severe breaches of tank bed. Borewell irrigation is extended. Most of the area is used to cultivate cereals, pulses, and minor inlets and it is increasing annually. Non-food crops are also increased
  11. But cotton production and the areas have decreased a lot because of the pest affection, decrease In yield, and change in climate
  12. Unauthorized irrigation: A principle called localization was adopted in the project where only certain pockets within the command area were selected for irrigation leaving several patches unirrigated.
  13. Impacts of climatic change: Temperature/Rainfall: The 0.6° rise in average temperature and it leads to major evaporation loss n the basin. The rainfall varies from place to place. Evapotranspiration is also one of the major issues in the Tungabhadra basin
  14. Water conflicts between the states: Water conflicts arise due to scarcity of water. But it is difficult to solve the conflicts because of the power politics in the states
  15. Integrated water resources management s a systematic process for the sustainable development allocation and monitoring of water resource use In the context of social economic and environmental and climate change. There should be coordination between different live departments in managing the water resources. An effective plan is required to envisage the transformation in the management of water. It is essential to put the principles of sustainable management policy into practice
Question 4.
Which aspects of farming practices were regulated In the context of Hiware Bazar to Improve the water conservation?

Answer:

  1. Hiware Bazar Is situated on the eastern side of Sahyadri ranges In Ahmednagar district in Maharashtra
  2. Continuous contour trenches were dug on the hl slopes to arrest the erosion of soil, water harvesting, and encourage growth of grass
  3. There was ban on borrowed Is for irrigation, growing sugarcane, bananas, and selling ones land to any outsider
  4. The range of crops is diversified and potatoes onions, fruits, flowers, and wheat. etc. are practiced
  5. The land was made much more productive as the water availability is increased and resulting in second crop during the year
  6. The cult water of water-intensive crops like sugar was slopped
  7. Water for irrigation should be taken only through dug wells
  8. Water use prioritization was taken up along with crop planning
Question 5.
How significant are the laws and peoples actions, in the context of water resources? Write a short note based on the ideas discussed In the last two sections of the chapter?

Answer:

  1. The current laws about groundwater in many states are both outdated and inappropriate
  2. The basic link between access to groundwater and land ownership on which these rules are based are flawed. Landowners were not restricted in the amount of water they can take out
  3. Water should be thought of as a collective pool resource that is meant for all people. Water is also public property. Registration is not easy
  4. laws and rules are required to recognize that water Is a common flowing resource
  5. Water resources require both collective action at the local level and appropriate laws and policies at the state and national levels
Question 6.
in what ways Is water bought and sold in your area and for what purposes? Do you think there should be some checks and balances for this? Discuss?

Answer:

  1. The water in our area Is mainly supplied by our corporation. They supply through pumps Dallas. This water is used for drinking and household purpose
  2. Drinking water is also supplied by some local companies after purification, They charge Rs. 15 to 30 for one refill

Yes, I think that there should be some checks and balances for both these supplies. The corporation water tanks should be cleansed at regular intervals. The water should be purified through different possible methods. We should check the refills of the private companies also. And we should observe the cleaningffllteñng procedure at the point regularly

Question 7.
Availability of water Is decreasing day by day. Ground water level is decreasing. How will It affect our lives, if this situation continues Discuss the preventive measures and our responsibility?

Answer: Statement: Cities and villages in India will soon run out of potable water if current trends Continue." "Indias groundwater tables are plunging at an alarming rate with reserves in some states dwindling to critical levels." Discussion: Over 16% of the countrys groundwater resources are over-exploiteð. Unregulated use has also led to over-extraction. Agriculture is the biggest consumer of groundwater accounting tot 91% of withdrawals every year, while domestic and industrial withdrawals account for the remaining 9%. Weak monsoons due to climate change have further eroded indias groundwater reserves. Solutions lie in Agriculture: However, any solution to the countrys complex groundwater crisis will lie in tackling agricultural water use - IndIas thirstiest sector

Preventive measures and our responsibility
  1. We dont need the government to take care of these things. We can contribute our part in sustaining the natural resources of the environment
  2. We can introduce rainwater harvesting system in our societies which helps let water sleep underground, increasing groundwater levels
  3. Planting trees has unlimited benefits, including restoration of groundwater. We should plant as many trees around us as we can and also encourage careful maintenance of garden areas in our society
  4. Awareness is the first step towards change. It is equally important to spread this information around to as many people as we can. Emphasis should be given to development that doesnt pose a threat to our natural resources. Together, we have to vow to save the environment

Project

Question 1.
Think of plans for your village or locality, which if implemented would help everyone?

Answer: Self Activity

TS 10th Class Social 5th Lesson Indian Rivers and Water Resources Intext Questions

Question 1.
On a map of India identify and mark the Himalayas and the Western Ghats?

Answer:

Question 2.
Using the colour code, Identify the height range in which some of the rivers originate. Using the flash and the raised relief map, 10110w the course of these rivers and locate the direction in which they are flowing?

Answer:

Name of the river Source Elevation Direct
The Indus Sengge zangbo; Tibet The average elevation of Tibet is 4500 meters North to Northwest
The Ganga Gangotri glacier 3,892 meters North to North - East
The Brahmaputra Chemayungdung glacier 5,210 meters North to North - East
The Mahandi Siwaha. Chhattisgarh 890 meters West to East
The Godavari Brahmagiri Triarnbak, Nasik 920 meters West to East
The Krishna Mahabaleshwar 1,337 meters West to East
The Cauveri Tala Cauveri Western Ghats 1,276 meters West to Eas
Question 3.
Discuss: About 5% of the total water on the Earth is used for domestic purposes and yet a large section of the population does not have access to the water?

Answer:

  1. Water supply is a state responsibility under the Indian Constitution
  2. A number of innovative approaches to improve water supply have been tested India. e.g.: Demand-driven approaches in rural water supply
  3. Depleting groundwater table and deteriorating groundwater quality are threatening the sustainability of both rural and urban water supply in many parts of India
  4. The supply of cities that depend on surface water is threatened by pollution. Increasing water scarcity and conflicts among users.
  5. In some coastal areas, seawater desalination is becoming an important source of drinking water supply
  6. Water touches every aspect of life and in India, uncertainty over access to and the availability of this basic resource may be reaching crisis levels due to population growth, growth in industrial sector, etc
  7. There is a need to river linking in India
Question 4.
40 million hectares of land in India is flood-prone and an equally large part of the country is also drought-prone. What are the causes of this?

Answer:

  1. In India major rainfall is received from southwest monsoon in the summer season
  2. The vagaries of this monsoon are main cause of floods/droughts in our country
  3. Floods are associated with excessive rainfall while the droughts are the result of deficit rainfall
  4. Hydrology, deforestation, soil nature, and erosion also play an important role in these calamities
Question 5.
70% of our surface water resources are polluted. Why?

Answer: Water bodies get contaminated due to the discharge of pollutants in the water bodies without any treatment to remove harmful compounds. Water pollution adversely affects not only aquatic plants and animals but it also affects human beings and ecosystems

Causes of water pollution :
  1. Sewage and wastewater: Sewage, garbage, and liquid waste of households. agriculture lands and factories are discharged into lakes and rivers. These wastes contain harmful chemicals and toxins which makes the water poisonous for aquatic animals and plants
  2. Dumping: Dumping of solid wastes and litters in water bodies causes huge problems. Different things take different times to degrade in water
  3. Industrial waste: Industrial waste is discharged into lakes and rivers by using fresh water making the water contaminated
  4. Oil pollution: Sea water gets polluted duelo oil spilled from ships and tankers while traveling
  5. Acid rain: Acid rain is rain that contains large amounts of harmful chemicals from factory gases and that damages trees, crops, and buildings
  6. Global warming: A gradual increase in world temperatures caused by polluting gases such as carbon dioxide which are collecting in the air around the earth that results in death of aquatic plants and animals
  7. Eutrophication: Eutrophication is an increased level of nutrients in water bodies. This results In bloom of algae in water and depletes the oxygen in the water, which negatively affects fish and other aquatic animal populations
Question 6.
With the help of an atlas trace the course of Indus both in India and Pakistan?

Answer: Out of the total length of 2880 kms, Indus flows 709 kms through Jammu and Kashmir in India and 2171 kms in Pakistan

Question 7.
Look at the map of river Ganga and name the states which are drained by it?

Answer: The following states are drained by the river Ganga

  1. Uttarakhand
  2. Uttar Pradesh
  3. Bihar
  4. Jharkhand
  5. West Bengal
Question 8.
The above map list out the north-flowing and south-flowing tributaries of the Ganga?

Answer: The north-flowing tributaries: The Kosi. the Gandak, the Ghaghra, the Gornati, the Sarda, the Vamuna, the Teesta rivers. The south-flowing tributaries: The Son, the Rihand, the Ken, the Betwa, and the Tansa. the Chambal, the Sind rivers

Question 9.
From the Map and using your atlas, describe the following?
  1. The Godavari originates in at ........
  2. The Krishna is the second largest east-flowing peninsular river which rises near .....
  3. The Mahanadi rises near Sihawa in Chhattisgarh and runs through ........
  4. The Narmada originates near ......... in Madhya Pradesh
  5. The Tapati originals from ....... and flows ........... (fill in the direction 01 flow)

Answer:

  1. Tnambakam
  2. Mahabaleshwar
  3. Odisha
  4. Amarkantak
  5. Multal; westward
Question 10.
Discuss the term watershed?

Answer:

  1. Watersfled is a line of high land where streams on one side flow into one river and streams on the other side flow into a different river
  2. If the water(rainwater) were to be checked by vegetation or bunds, then there would be a greater possibility of the water percolating into the soil to join the groundwater
  3. Over the last few years, great efforts have been undertaken to harvest rainwater by these means
  4. These measures are usually taken for a stream or a flyer
  5. Such efforts are called Watershed development projects
  6. Under these projects trees and grasses are planted on the hill slopes from where a stream starts and small bunds are built across streams to stop the flow of water
Question 11.
From the nearest Mandai office, find out the total annual rainfall for your area over the past 5 years?

Answer: Students Activity

Question 12.
On a map of India, trace the course of Tungabhedra river?

Answer:

Question 13.
How would It help if there was a government river basin authority for overall planning of water use?

Answer:

  1. It would do justice to a users of river basins water
  2. It would develop and manage the water resource at all the levels. e.g.: local and micro levels
  3. It would involve the community organizations In the authority
  4. It would reduce the growing conflicts and the possibility of social unrest in the country In future due to water scarcity
  5. It would rejuvenate the traditional techniques in conservation and management, recognition of water as a common property resource
Question 14.
What are the different conflicts in the use of water for Tungabhadra river basin?

Answer: Different conflicts In the use of water for Tungabhadra river basin: The reservoir water storage capacity of the Tungabhacka reservoir is reducing due to siltation from mining activities, dust, soil erosion, etc. Conflicts within and across sectors are common apart from Interstate disputes. Population pressure and increased urbanization have added on. With issues being complex at various levels, the impacts have been serious resulting in land use changes. pollution and groundwater contamination affecting quality of life and livelihoods of vulnerable communities

Question 15.
Underline sentences and make a list of steps that reflect the efforts taken for water conservation in Hiware Bazar?

Answer:

  1. Most significant was the ban on borewells for irrigation, growing sugarcane and banana, and selling one land to any outsider
  2. The most significant development is that increased water availability has made a second crop possible due to normal rainfall
  3. Social control over groundwater extraction and use no borewells for irrigation only for drinking water) no water-intense crops like sugarcane
  4. Water for irrigation should be taken only through dug wells
  5. They keep rainfall data meticulously and use it for crop planning and water use prioritization
  6. As they plan according to water available there was no shortage of water to drink even in years of continuous drought
Question 16.
What was the effort for planning agriculture according to the available water?

Answer:

  1. In countries like India, agriculture typically conserves over 70% of the water supplies. Agricultural practices often lead to overconsumption of water
  2. Trenches, dams, and catchments can help farmers use water efficiently and can also help improve crop yields
  3. Conserving water through drip irrigation and sprinklers can help to ensure that farmers use water more efficiently
Question 17.
If you have access to Internet, watch a documentary about Hiware Bazar at http:// blt.lylkothL1?

Answer: Self Activity

Question 18.
Should groundwater regulation be primarily community-led, as in the case of Hiware Bazar?

Answer: Hiware Bazar is a village that has achieved success through investing m local ecologies for economic good. The village followed an ¡ntegrated model of development with water conservation as its core, It won the national water award for its efforts in water conservation and raising village productivity levels. So the groundwater regulation should be primarily community-led, as wi the case of Hiware Bazar

Question 19.
The groundwater laws are both outdated and inappropriate." Explain?

Answer: Groundwater has become the main source of water for all the main uses of water, This tremendous increase has significant impacts on water availability and on access to water. The current regulatory regime is in large part still based on principles inherited from the colonial period. These are both outdated and inappropriate

They are outdated because they were developed at a time when groundwater was a marginal source of water and when humans were not able to affect the level of the groundwater table through their use which was largely limited to drawing water from wells. They are inappropriate because the basic nexus between access to groundwater and land ownership cry which these rules are based makes common law rules socially inequitable and environmentally unsustainable

Question 20.
Should groundwater be considered e common pool resource? Explain your view?

Answer: The groundwater cri&s is acquiring alarming proportions in many parts of the country. Overuse and deteriorating water quality must be based on a new approach involving typologies the resource problems and redefining the institutional structure governing groundwater. This approach Is based on the notion of groundwater as a common pool resource. So groundwater should be considered a common pool resource

Important Question

TS 10th Class Social Important Questions 5th Lesson Indian Rivers and Water Resources

1 Mark Question
Question 1.
What are the tributaries of the Indus river?

Answer: The tributaries of the Indus river are the Jhelurn, the Chenab, the Ravi, the Beas, and the Sutlej

Question 2.
Name any two tributaries of river Indus?

Answer: The Jhelum, the Chenab, the Ravi, the Beas, the Sutlej

Question 3.
What the two branches of southwest monsoons which bring rains to india?

Answer: The two branches of south-west monsoons which bring rains to India are

  1. The Arabian sea branch
  2. The Bay of Bengal branch
  3. Observe the map given and answer the questions 4 and 5
Question 4.
Name the two rivers that flow into Arabian sea?

Answer: The rivers that flow into Arabian sea are

  • Sabarmati
  • Mahi
  • Narmada
  • Tapati
Question 5.
Through which states, the river Tungabhadra flows?

Answer: River Thungabhadra flows through Karnataka, Telangana, and Andhra Pradesh

Question 6.
What are the three physiographic units of the drainage of India?

Answer:

  1. The Himalayas
  2. The Peninsular Plateau and
  3. The Indo-Gangetic plain
Question 7.
Divide the Indian drainage system on the basis o? its origin?

Answer:

  1. The Himalayan rivers
  2. The Peninsular rivers
Question 8.
Name the three Himalayan rivers?

Answer:

  1. The Indus
  2. The Ganges
  3. The Brahmaputra
Question 9.
Which rivers are perennial? Write the reason?

Answer: The Himalayan rivers are perennial. This rs because the rivers are supplied on rainfall as well as the melting snow

Question 10.
Where does the Indus originate? What is its route?

Answer: The Indus originates in the northern slopes of the Kailash range in Tibet near lake Manasarovar. It follows a north-westerly course through Tibet

Question 11.
Where does the Indus enter India?

Answer: It enters Indian territory in Jammu and Kashmir

Question 12.
What do the water resources require?

Answer: The water resources require both collective action at the local level and appropriate laws and policies at the state and national level

Question 13.
What are the two sources of the Ganga system?

Answer: Gangotri (Bhagirathi) and Alakananda are the two sources of the Ganga system

Question 14.
What is the significance of Devaprayag?

Answer: Bhagirathi and Alakananda join at Oevaprayag to form the Ganga

Question 15.
Where does the Brahmaputra rise?

Answer: Tire Brahmaputra in Tibet rises from the snout of the Chemayungdung glacier of the Kailash range near Manasarovar

Question 16.
Where does the Brahmaputra enter India?

Answer: The Brahmaputra enters in a great loop southwest through Arunachal Pradesh In India, first as the Siang and then as the Dihang

Question 17.
What are the two tributaries of the Brahnraputra?

Answer: The Dibang and the Loliit are the two tributaries of the Brahmaputra

Question 18.
Where do the peninsular rivers originate?

Answer: The peninsular rivers the Krishna, the Godavari, and the Cauven originate in the Western Ghats. The Mahanadi originates in the Vindhya and Satpura ranges

Question 19.
Which lathe largest peninsular river system?

Answer: The Godavan is the largest peninsular river system

Question 20.
What is the source of the river Godavari?

Answer: The source of the Godavaris n the Thambak plateau near Nasik in Maharashtra and dacharges its water into the Bay of Bengal

Question 21.
Write the inflow as a formula?

Answer: inflow = Precipitation + Surface flow + Groundwater flow

Question 22.
What is called evaporation?

Answer: The turning of water into vapour is called evaporation

Question 23.
What is called transpiration?

Answer: Living things give off water into the atmosphere through their breathing process, this is called transpiration

Question 24.
What is called evapotranspiration?

Answer: The total amount of water added to the atmosphere from both evaporation and transpiration is called evapotranspiration

Question 25.
When would the surface flow Increase?

Answer: The surface flow would increase during the monsoon months

Question 26.
How does the water reach the root zone of crops?

Answer: Water reaches the root zone of crops either through rainfall or some process of irrigation

Question 27.
Which kind of water is vital need?

Answer: Water used for drinking, cooking, washing, cleaning, and for animals is vital need

Question 28.
Name the surface storages?

Answer: Tanks, ponds, lakes, etc. are the surface storages

Question 29.
What is the question that we face today about the groundwater?

Answer: The question that we face today is the depletion of groundwater storages and tendency not to care about the availability for future generations

Question 30.
What are the two parts of the Tungabhadra basin?
(OR) Classify the Tungabhadra river basin.

Answer: The Tungabhadra basin has two parts:

  1. The upper and middle catchments in Kamataka and
  2. The lower portion of the catchment in Telangana and Andhra Pradesh
Question 31.
Which water is available to us?

Answer: The annual flows and stocks that recharge welts and tubewells is the water that is available for us

Question 32.
When can the mining water be done?

Answer: The mining water can be done only in extreme drought situations and replenished in good rainfall years

Question 33.
How are the low portions of the Tungabhadra basin characterised in Andhra Pradesh?

Answer: They are characterized by low rainfall and drought

Question 34.
What is the result of encroachment of public land for cultivation?

Answer: It results in more land being brought under cultivation at the expense of tree cover

Question 35.
What is the result of rampant felling of trees and mining activity?

Answer: Rampant felling of trees and mining activity is resulting in forest degradation. along with the destruction of the habitat of highly threatened flora and fauna

Question 36.
Why did the Tungabhadra basin lose its water storage capacity?

Answer: With the accumulation of silt due to mining, dust, soil erosion, debris the Tungabhadra Dam lost its water storage capacity

Question 37.
How is water shared?

Answer: Water Is shared based on agreements between state governments

Question 38.
What is the result of industrialisation and urbanisation?

Answer: While increased industrialisation and urbanisation have improved standards of living for some, the same achvðies have caused pollution especially by industrial units

Question 39.
Why do the interstate disputes arise between Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, and Karnataka?

Answer: Interstate disputes between Telangana, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka arise due to the transboundary nature of the river

Question 40.
Where is Hiware Bazar located?

Answer: Hiware Bazar Is located in Ahmednagar district in Maharashtra. It is situated on the eastern side of the Sahyadn mountain ranges that run north south and separate Konkan, the coastal region. from the rest of Maharashtra

Question 41.
Expand CCT?

Answer: Continuous Contour Trenches

Question 42.
Why were CCTs dug?

Answer: The CCTs were dug on the hill slopes to arrest the erosion of soil, harvest water and encourage growth of grass

Question 43.
Name some water harvesting structures?

Answer: Check dams. percolation tanks and loose boulder structures

Question 44.
Name the four bartdis?

Answer:

  1. Kurhad bandi
  2. Charai bandi
  3. Nasbandi
  4. Nashabandi
Question 45.
What are the other bans which were added later?

Answer:

  1. The ban on borewells for irrigation
  2. Growing sugarcane and banana and
  3. Selling ones own Land to any outsider
Question 46.
Why do the farmers in Hiware Bazar keep raInfall data meticulously?

Answer: They keep rainfall data meticulously and use it for crop planning and water use prioribsabon

Question 47.
What happens when there is so much extraction of water?

Answer: When there is so much extraction, It affects others in connected areas. It affects the stock of water that would be available for future generations

Question 48.
What laws and regulations are needed br water consumption?

Answer: Drinking water is the first priority as well as a human right and that, Panchayati Raj institutions must have control over the use of groundwater

Question 49.
Which judgments illustrate the confusion over our laws today?

Answer: The judgments in the case of Perumatty Gram Panchayat in Kerala and Coca Cola company illustrates the confusion over our laws today

2 Marks Questions
Question 1.
Create two slogans on water conservation or Importance of water. (OR) Write two slogans to bring awareness on saving of water In consumption?

Answer:

  1. Save water - Save life
  2. Without water - theres no future
  3. Water is precious - dont waste it. (Students can create a few of their own)
Question 2.
What were the conditions set by Maharashtra government for the selection of villages under Adarsti Gram Yojana?

Answer: The conditions set by Maharashtra government for the selection of villages under Adarsh Gram Yojana are

  1. Kurtiadbandi - banofte1rngtrees
  2. Charal banca - ban of free grazg
  3. Nasban - family planniog
  4. Nashabanc - ban on liquor
  5. Shramadan - voluntary physical labour
Question 3.
Categorize the drainage system based on Its origin?

Answer: On the basis of the origin, the drainage system In India is categorized into

Question 4.
Give a few suggestions for the betterment of groundwater level in Telangana in present situation?

Answer:

  1. All people should maintain rainwater harvesting pits
  2. They should construct and maintain check dams. Government should take responsibility
  3. Continuous contour trenches are to be built up
  4. Silt is to be removed every year from the tanks
  5. Plantation should be taken up seriously
  6. Digging of deep borewells should be avoided
Question 5.
Suggest measures to be taken to conserve water?

Answer: Measures to conserve water

  • Check dams
  • Percolation tanks
  • Loose boulder structures
  • Plantation
Question 6.
Write about the drainage of India?

Answer: The drainage of India has evolved and adjusted itself with the evolution of the three physiographic units

  1. the Himalayas
  2. the peninsular plateau and
  3. the IndoGangetic plain

On the basis of its origin, the drainage system in India can be broadly divided into two categories

  1. The Himalayan rivers and
  2. The Peninsular rivers
Question 7.
"Rivers of India play an important role in the lives of the Indian people" - Comment on it?

Answer: The river system provides irrigation, potable water, cheap transportation, electricity and the livelihoods for a large number of people all over the country and to rural areas. This easily explains why nearly all the major cities of India are located by the banks of rivers. Several major rivers along with their tributaries make up the river system of India. So, rivers of India play an important role in the lives of the Indian people The Himalayan rivers are perennial, which means these rivers are filled with water throughout the year

Question 8.
What are the two reasons that they are called perennial rivers?

Answer: It is true the Himalayan rivers are perennial. Perennial means for several years or long time. The Himalayan area gets the rainfall from mid of June to September. Moreover, its gets the huge snow cold wind. During the summer the snow melts and during the winter huge rainfall. These are the two major reasons that Himalayan rivers are always perennial

4 Marks Questions
Question 1.
Read the following paragraph and write your opinion on it. Today, this Is the main source of water for people. When there is so much extraction. it affects others in connected areas. It affects the stock of water that would be available for future generations. Therefore, one cant allow individual landowners to extract as much water as they wish from their land. There should be some restrictions. These restrictions will be acceptable if we first delink the connection between ownership of land and arid water drawn from the underground system through tube wels on the land?

Answer: Today groundwater is the main source for people. But excessive extraction of the groundwater is more effective to not only present people but also future generations. But there are no appropriate laws to regulate the usage of the groundwater resources. All the present laws were designed when the usage was minimum The owner of the land is not the owner of the groundwater beneath his land. He/She cannot use the water as he/she wishes. So the groundwater laws should be modified. A link should be designed between the land ownership and control. Government should control the individuals in using the underground water resources

Question 2.
Read the following paragraph and write your opinion on it. what is required are laws and rules to recognize that water is a corrosion-flowing resource? Drinking water is the first priority as well as a human right and that Panchayat Raj institutions must have control over the use of groundwater?

Answer: In my opinion, Groundwater benefits a wide range of people and environment. But there are number of threats to the sustainability of this natural resource. Which are compounded by a lack of understanding it

Groundwater is often seen as a resource that can be drawn on when surface water is scarce. Due to overuse of groundwater, the quality of water Is deteriorating. If the people drink that polluted water, they will get diseases. Drinking water is the first priority as well as a human right. So, the Panchayat Raj institution thinks about water is commonly flowing resource at the same time these institutions have control on groundwater for the sake of future generations and provide it equitable manner

Example: In Kerala. Perumatti grama panchayat, the Panchayat Raj institution gives first priority to drinking water and next will give importance to Cocacola company. Here, the peoples health is most important

Question 3.
Explain the use 0f water in the river basin of Tungabhadra?

Answer:

  1. River water of Tungabhadra ¡s shared by Karnataka, Telangana, and Andhra Pradesh States
  2. Approximately 80% of rural area people are dependent on agriculture with Tungabhadwa water
  3. In some areas, people constructed storage tanks based on Tunghabhadra water
  4. Surface flows by canals that carry water from dams built along Tungabhadra in other areas
  5. More land s brought under cultivation at the expense of tree cover
  6. 27 large Industries and 2543 small industries are dependent on Tungabhadra water
  7. It provides a supply of drinking water to neighboring areas
  8. Improved standard of hying for some
  9. Disputes also arose between Karnataka and Andhra on the base of availability of water
Question 4.
Explain the Himalayan river systems?

Answer: Himalayan River Systems The Indus system, the G.anga system and the Brahmaputra system come under the Himalayan river systems: The Indus System: The Indus originates in Kailash range near Manasarovar. It enters Indian territory in Jammu and Kashmir. The Ravi, the Jhelum, the Ctienab, the Beas, and the Sutlej are its tributaries. The Ganga System: The Ganga is formed joining Bhagirathl with Alakananda which join at Devaprayag. It has large number of tributaries. The Brahmaputra System: The Brahmaputra is from Kalasli range near Manasarovar. It covers Tìbet and joins Arunachal Pradesh in India. It has different names in different places and is known as the Brahmaputra. The Dibang and the Lohit are its tributaries

Question 5.
Read the following paragraph and interpret it. The socio-economic aspects are very important for water use management. Conflicts within communities in a region and across sectors such as use for agriculture, industry or drinking water are common?

Answer: The ven paragraph describes the importance of water use management. In water use management there are so many conflicts. Those conflicts are not only between the regions but also in between sectors. Some conflicts are there with regard to drinking water also. Basically, water is a natural resource

All living creatures depend on water for their life. Human beings exploit water and they use more than they need. Water Is mainly used for various purposes like agriculture, industry, domestic purpose, cleaning of vehicles, floor cleaning, washing of clothes, and so on. The usage of water is not equal. Some rich people use more water whereas the poor have less access of water

There are so many reasons for variation in water use. In some states, water is used more for cultivation. In some regions, paddy is more and it needs more water. If dry land agriculture is followed, then less water Is enough. Sometimes they need more water depending upon the cropping. Some states have allegations and many court cases are there in pending about their water share. With regard to Tungabhadra water there is a the conflict between Aridhra

Telangana and Karnataka states. Cauvery conflict is there in southernmost states Even in Telangana before its formation 5eparately. there was a movement on water share. For example, Andhra people used more water from both the Krishna and the Godavari rivers. In comparison to Northern states, the conflicts are more in south. In rural areas In Telangana, many tribal people suffer for pure drinking water

Government should implement the existing laws keeping the needs of all people irrespective of region. All people should have aooss to have pure water. Water for industries should be less and for agriculture more. Awareness programmes are to be organized by the District and Mandai authorities to make the people know about the importance of water. Water harvesting pits and check dams are constructed more. No water drop is to be wasted If all regions have access to sufficient drinking water and groundwater, there will be no conflicts

Question 6.
Read the given paragraph and write your opinion. Regulation is not easy. This is also because for some resources like water, electricity, oil, natural gas, etc. consumption by one person or a sector affects what is available for others. in fact, in a number of states, the answer to tailing water tables has not been to address the issue itself. State governments have thus often chosen to increase power subsidies to make extraction of ever deeper layers of groundwater possible?

Answer:The given paragraph says that the regulation of natural resources like water, natural gas, etc. is not easy. Gradually water table is decreasing. Governments increase power subsidies to make extraction of ever deeper layers of groundwater possible

My interpretation is that water, electricity, oil, and natural gas are essential for all people. These are to be used in control. Whatever we use should be useful to the next coming generation. Natural resources are sustainable. They can be useful to all generations. Water is an essential commodity. It is the people who decide the future. For a few decades, we have been observing that more groundwater is being pumped out

Sinking water is gradually decreasing. In forests also water is not available. So monkeys, and leopards are coming to villages. Deforestation is increased. Quarrying is also increased. Clouds are coming but they are not giving rain. Terrorature is increasing day by day. People should understand the need of the future and act accordingly. Per-head consumption is increasing drastically

Water conservation is an essential one. Not only human beings, birds, animals, plants also depend on water. Water harvesting pits are promoted at every house. Watershed programmes are to be taken up. Every drop of water should be caught perfectly and saved with proper proposals. Government concentrates on conservation of water to make next corning generation happy

Question 7.
What do you know about the peninsular rivers?

Answer: The Western Ghats are the water divide between the major peninsular rivers, discharging their water in the Bay of Bengal and as small rivulets joining the Arabian See. Most of the major Peninsular Rivers except Narmada and Tapati flow from west to east. The Chambal, Sind, Betwa. Ken and Son, originating in the northern part of the peninsular belong to the Ganga river system. The other major river systems of the peninsular drainage are the Mahanadi, the Godavari, the Krishna, and the Cauverl. Peninsular rivers are characterized by fixed courses, absence of meanders, and largely non-perennial flow of water

Question 8.
Explain evapotranspiration?

Answer: Evaporation, the turning of water into vapour, takes place all the time in water bodies. It can happen to any exposed surface water such as lakes, flyers, seas, etc. Living things also give off water into the atmosphere through their breathing process. This is callad trarispration. The total amount of water added to the atmosphere from both evaporation and transpiration is called evapotranspiration

Question 9.
Describe the Tungabhadra Basin?

Answer: Tungabhadra, shared by the two southern states of Karnataka, Telangana and Andhra Pradesh, is a tributary of the larger river system Krishna. It originates in the Western Ghats with a catchment area of 71,417 km2, of which 57,671 km2 are in Karnataka

The Tungabhadra basin has two parts:

  1. the upper and middle catchments In Karnataka, and
  2. the lower portion of the catchment, In Telangana and Andhra Pradesh
Question 10.
Read the following paragraph and write your comments. During the last two decades, there has been an increasing trend in the number of small towns and industrial areas. This has made the competing demands for water more complex. While increased industrialization and growth of urban areas have improved standards of living for some, the same activities have caused pollution, especially by industrial units?

Answer: According to the given paragraph, it is clear that urbanization leads to water problems. Another point is that some people are leading prosperous life whereas many poor people are facing the problems of pollution. This is the two sides of a coin

In my opinion, in this modern age urbanization has become mandatory. People (torn villages are coming to cities and towns for different reasons. Employment, education for children, medical facilities, and different livelihoods are the needs of the rural people. As they come to cities and towns they face the problems of basic need like food, water, shelter, and cloth. All these are not available at fare prices. The fruits of urbanization industrialization, and modernization are not equally distributed among the people. Some people especially rich are enjoying whereas the poor people are facing troubles in getting protected water

In conclusion, I dont say that urbanization Is not necessary but the problems of the poor migrants also should be considered. At industries and working sites water facility is to be provided. In all the areas protected water supply is necessary. Improving the standards of life of a few is not the goal of the government but it should take care of all people

Question 11.
Read the following paragraph and write your comment on it. Over the past few decades, groundwater has become the main source of water, especially for domestic use and agriculture. The tremendous Increase in the use of groundwater has significant impact on water availability and access to It?

Answer: According to this paragraph, the groundwater level is the crucial one to all the people. The groundwater is useful for both domestic purpose and for agriculture. If groundwater is not available, there will be many problems

My opinion is that because of modernization of agriculture motor pumps of high horsepower are being used. Very deep bore wells cause or drawing out water from the ground. Water has become a source of business many multinational companies draw water and sell in the form of bottles. Water conservation is also a major issue and Ills taken as a serious one

Every individual should think about the importance of water as it is useful to all people. Actually, once It was the common property. Now it has become individual property. Hence everyone should give importance to water. Otherwise, no one can get water

Question 12.
Read the following paragraph and comment on it. Current laws on groundwater use are inappropriate because the basic links between access to groundwater and land ownership on which these rules are based are flawed. Since groundwater has to be extracted from the land above, a link was established between land ownership and control?

Answer: The given paragraph says that the current laws aro not appropriate and there is no link between accesses to groundwater and land ownership. Proper laws are to be made and implemented otherwise there will be a mass problem of water. I would like to comment on this paragraph that current laws are not being in elemented in a right way. The government should have true spirit of implementation of laws. There are so many laws rriade In the time of the British rule. After independence, these would have been modified or changed according to the present needs or new laws according to the situations and necessities have to be made time to time

This was not done. So the rich people or landowners are utilizing the water for the sake of themselves and the poor are not getting water. The water is an essential and primary good to everyone. The government should take necessary action lo bring in new laws and they should be implemented in a right way. Discrimination between the rich and poor should be removed, Everyone should be treated equally

Question 13.
People are facing the problem of water scarcity In all the areas. It may be there in your locality also. Write a note on the condition of water scarcity that you recently observed?

Answer: Scarcity of water has become the common problem everywhere. People of all corners are facing the same problem. They purchase even two glasses of water by paying twenty or twenty-five rupees. Though waler is available in some regions, it is not protected water. Human activities like deforestation, using plastic, cement, and concrete roads are a few reasons for depletion of groundwater levels, Deforestation leads to low rain taU. Rain water is not percolated property because of iwo reasons

The first one is that the human beings are using plastic and after using it, It forms a layer on the earth. The other one is that they are covering the surface of the earth with coal tar and cement in the name of roads. If rainwater doesnt percolate, there will be no groundwater. The power pune sets draw water out of the deep wells and bore wells and so it leads to depletion of groundwater level. The human beings are cutting down the halls and boulders in quarries. The tank water is also polluted by chemical effluents coming from industries. All these activities affect the human life in return

Other reasons are also there but these play a vital role. Water is basically a common property. The poor people also can be able to get drinking water. Deep bore wells should not be encouraged. By constructing small check dams, It Is better to store the water and so it could be useful to restore the groundwater. Then it will be expected that drinking water is available

Question 14.
Observe the following and answer the given questions?
Question1. Name some Himalayan rivers?

Answer: The Ganga, the Brahmaputra and the Indus

Question2. Name some peninsular rivers?

Answer: The Godavari and the Mahanadi

Question3. The Krishna river originates in ..........?

Answer: Western Ghats

Question4. The Namada originates in ....... ranges?

Answer: Satpura/Vindhya

Question5. Which rivers are known as perennial rivers?

Answer: The Himalayan rivers are known as perennial rivers

Question 15.
Observe the above map and answer the following?
Question1. Name the tributaries which are originated in peninsular plateau that joins the with Ganges?

Answer: Tributaries onginated n the peninsular plateau and flowing towards the Ganges are Chambal, Betwa. Ken and Son, etc

Question2. Name the tributaries which are originated in Himalayas and joins with the Ganges?

Answer: Tributaries originated wi the Himalayas and flowing towards the Ganges are Kosi, Gandak, Ghaghra, Gomati. Yamuna, etc

Question3. What is the name of the Ganges in Bangladesh?

Answer: The name of the Ganges in Bangladesh is Padma

Question4. Which states share the drainage of Ganges?

Answer: The drainage of Ganges is shared by the states Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh. Bihar, West Bengal Jharlçhand. Madhya Pradesh, etc

Question5. What is the name of the Brahmaputra in Tibet?

Answer: The name of Brahmaputra in TIbet is Tsangpo

Question6. Mention any two tributaries of river Ganga?

Answer: Gandak, Ghagra, Gornati, Son, Betwa, Chambal, Yamuna are the tributaries of river Ganga. (Any two can be written)

Question7. River Brahmaputra joins a river before joining into Bay of Bengal. What is the name of the river?

Answer: The river m which the Brahmaputra, coins is the Ganga

Question8. Two countries are sharing the waler of the river Teesta. What are the two countries?

Answer: India and Bangladesh

Question9. Which river is called Padma in Bangladesh?

Answer: River Ganga

Question 16.
Create a poster on water importance?

Answer: WATER IS LIFE Water has been important for people for thousands of years. Without water there would be no life on earth. We use water in our houses for cooking, bathing and washing the dishes. Water is used to grow food. In many dry areas farmers must bring water to the fields through canals and expensive Irrigation systems

Industries and factories also use water. Fruits and vegetables must be cleaned before they can be processed and sold in supermarkets. Water is used for cooling m many areas, for example in steel production. Many countries around the world use water to produce energy. Power stations burn coal which turns water into steam. Countries with many mountains and rivers use the power of water to produce electricity Water is important for our free time. People enjoy themselves at seaside resorts or on cruise trips

Transportation was at first carried out on waterways. Ancient civilizations traded goods across the Mediterranean Sea. Today oil, coal, wheat, and other products are transported on waterways

Question 17.
Read the following map and answer the questions?
Question1. Name the two mountain ranges that are suitable fer the origin of rivers?

Answer: Mountains that are suitable for the origin of rivers are the Himalayas and the western ghats

Question2. Name the rivers which are originated in western ghats and Bowing towards East?

Answer: Rivers originated in the western ghats and flowing towards east are Krishna, Godavari and Cauverl, etc

Question3. Name the west-flowing rivers?

Answer: The west-flowing rivers are Narmacia and Tapati

Question4. List out the tributaries to the River Indus?

Answer: The tributaries of indus are Jhelum. Chenab, Ravi, Sutlej, and Beas

Question 18.
Locate the names of the following Indian Peninsular Rivers. Sabarmati. Mahi, Narmada, Tapati. Damodar, Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, Panna, Cauveri?

Answer:

Question 19.
In which place has the water level gone down In your area? What are the reasons for the reduction of water levels according to your opinion?

Answer: The water level gone down in many of our areas. The groundwater is useful for both domestic purpose and for agriculture. If groundwater is not available there will be many problems. My opinion is that because of modernization of agriculture motor pumps of high horsepower are being used. Very deep bore walls cause for drawing out water from the ground. Water has become a source of business many Multinational companies draw water and sell the form of bottles. Water conservation is also a major issue and it is taken as a serious one

Question 20.
Recall from your science lessons what happens to the water that plants draw through their roots?

Answer:

  1. Plant absorbs water from the soil
  2. The plant combines water and carbon dioxide with the help of sunlight lo produce carbohydrates
  3. Starch, sugars, cellulose are also carbohydrates
  4. The plant does not use all the water it absorbs through its roots to produce carbohydrates, most of it evaporates into the air
  5. The water that plants release into atmosphere is called transpiration
  6. Most of the water released by plants evaporates from the leaves, which have microscopic holes called stomata
Question 21.
Explain any four river systems of india In the prescribed table form. ?

Answer:

Question 22.
Locate the following in the given map of India?
  1. Brahmaputra river
  2. Drainage area of Indus river
  3. Nagarjuna Segar Dam
  4. The project on Sutlej river

Answer: Bhakra Narigal

Question5. The river which l parallel to river Narmada?

Answer: Tapti

Question6. The lake which In between Krishna and Godavari rivers?

Answer: Kolleru

Question7. The coast of Tamil Nadu?

Answer: Coromandel

Question8. Capital of Madhya Pradesh?

Answer: Bhopal

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