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TS 10th Class Social 19th Lesson Questions and Answers - Post-War World and India

Question 1.
Choose the correct answer: Which among the following statement about the Cold War is wrong?
  1. Rivalry between the US and the USSR
  2. The USA and the USSR engaged in direct war
  3. Triggering of an arms race.
  4. An ideological war between the two superpowers

Answer: The USA and the USSR engaged in direct war

Question 2.
Who amongst the following Is not involved In the West Asian crisis?
  1. Egypt
  2. Indonesia
  3. Britain
  4. Israel

Answer: Indonesia

Question 3.
What was the nature of shift in power In the world after the Second World War?

Answer: There is a great shift after World War -II towards the two great superpowers -the United States and the USSR. The US is the leader of the capitalist nations and the USSR is the leader of the communist nations.

Question 4.
What are the different roles played by United Nations in order to build peace in the world?

Answer: The principal Allied countries like Britain, France, the USA, the USSR and China drafted a Charter for the wars formation of the UNO even as the war drew to an end. The Charter not only emphasised the need to preserve peace and prevent wars, but also the need to ensure human rights, democracy, and eradication of poverty and hunger for all people in the world.

The UN thus started with a twin objective of ensuring lasting peace and human development. At the same time, it recognised the autonomy of states and promised not to Interfere in any Internal affair of a country except in cases mandated by serious human rights violations or threats to world peace.

Question 5.
Given the Idea of democracy, do you think a few countries should have special powers in making the decisions?

Answer: In the idea of democracy, a few countries should not have special powers in making the decisions.

Question 6.
How were the superpowers benefited by military alliances?

Answer: The advances helped super powers which wanted to expand their influence to gain access to

  1. the vital resources like oil and minerals
  2. markets for their products and places to safely invest their capital
  3. military bases to launch their troops and weapons
  4. spread their ideology and
  5. gain economic support, to pay huge military expenses
Question 7.
How did Cold War produce arms race as well as arms control?

Answer:

  1. Cold war produced an arms race as well as arms control
  2. In the initial faces of cold war both the superpower competed with each other to develop more and more weapons. Many nuclear weapons were manufactured during, this period
  3. Both confronted each other m Korea, Berlin, Congo, Vietnam, and Afghanistan, and huge military build-ups took place
  4. But when both ultimately realized the implication ola nuclear war both started working for arms control and many arms control treaties were signed like LTBT, NPT, and ABMT. etc
  5. Both decided to follow the logic of deterrence which meant that both have the capacity to attack and cause so much destruction to threaten the existence of the other. But neither as willing to start the war due to the amount of destruction
  6. Cuban missile crisis was an example of this when both superpowers wanted to control It and had almost reached it. On the verge of the war they withdrew
Question 8.
Why did West Asia become a center of tensions In the world?

Answer: The Arab-Israeli conflict is a modem phenomenon, which has its roots in the end of the 19th century. The conflict became a major international issue with the birth of Israel in 1948. The Arab-Israeli conflict has resulted in at least five major wars and a number of minor conflicts, It has also been the source of two major Palestinian uprisings. So the West Asia became a center of tensions in the world

Question 9.
By the end of the 20th century, there Is only one single power that dominates the world. In this context, what do you think would be the role of NAM?

Answer:

  1. In the current scenario the USA remains a major super-power and China is in the process of becoming the biggest threat to the US supremacy of world affairs. Russia is also slowly climbing back, for its joint policy of respecting anti-US policy in the Security Council, by the use of the Velo along with China. e.g.: Syria
  2. The NAM has in recent years often criticized the USA while backing the self-determination of Puerto Rico and Western Sahara. It can play a strong role devising methods to foster cooperation among these nations
  3. The NAM can also act as a guide and overseer of the condition of Human Rights in some of the member states who have rather poor human rights records
  4. NAM is a great way to ensure that issues like Palestine and crises in Somalia and Sudan get a fair and long-lasting solution and that the super-powers dont unduly interfere in these issues to meet their vested interest. Thus NAM exists and will continue to exist as a strong organization to reckon with
Question 10.
"Formation of NAM was not merely In the context of military alliances but also in the context of economic policies." Justify the statement?

Answer: Justification

  1. Because of the great power rivalry during the Cold War Era. Many economic projects were set up ¡n developing countries as part of the rivalry but suffered as a result of the quest for influence
  2. During the years the focus of NAM Summits, therefore, shifted away from essentially political issues to the advocacy of solutions to global economic and other problems
  3. During the 1 970s and early 1 980s. the NAM also sponsored campaigns for restructuring commercial relations between developed and developing nations, namely the NIEO
  4. The Jakarta Summit 1992 allowed the movement to shift its focus In a direction that also enabled it to work across to grouping such as the G-7 and the EU
Question 11.
Draw a table to show the relations between India and its neighboring countries with regard to the following Items: Issues of conflict; events of war; events of help and cooperation?

Answer:

Question 12.
"The ethnic conflicts affected Indias relations with Sri Lanka." Justify?

Answer:

  1. Since times immemorial. India and Sri Lanka have cultural, ethnic, and economic relations
  2. A major irritant in the relationship between the two countries has been the treatment of Tamil-speaking minorities by the Sn Lankan government
  3. The large-scale Influx of Sn Lan kan Terril refugees into India posed a special problem
  4. India made an agreement with Sri Lanka and Tamil militants to maintain peace on the land
  5. India sending its armies to keep peace in Sri Lanka and it caused the assassination of Rai iv Gandhi
  6. Thus, ethnic conflicts affected Indias relations with Sri Lanka
Question 13.
Locate the following on the map of the world?
  1. Poland
  2. USSR
  3. Vietnam
  4. Spain
  5. Latin America
  6. Afghanisthan

Answer:

Question 14.
Observe the following graph 2 of page 284 and answer the following?
Graph: Indias and Pakistans Military Expenditures
  1. Which countrys Military expenditure is high
  2. What do you observe in the military expenditures of the two countries as a percent of GDP

Answer:

  1. The military expenditure of India is high
  2. Both are decreasing
Question 15.
Read the last para of page 281 and comment on it. The beginning of the twenty-first century witnessed growing discontent among the Arabs which resulted In the growth of religious terrorism. Some Arab terrorists asked two aircrafts in the US and crashed them into the World Trade Centre m New York killing thousands of people. This led to a war against Taliban and eventually to a war against Iraq. Find out more about these recent events from the newspapers and magazines?

Answer:

  1. Terrorist attack at the parliament of India in New Delhi on 30 Dec 2001
  2. On 26th Nov 2008, terrorist attack on Taj Hotel, Mumbai. They created inconvenience for the people who came to Taj Hotel and killed so many members
  3. A terrorist attack on 21st Feb 2013, a bomb blast at Dilshuknagar In Hyderabad
  4. Terrorist attacks on people in France during National Day celebrations
  5. Another attack at Gokul Chat and Lumbini Park in Hyderabad in 2015
  6. On 2 Jan 2016, in India, a terrorist attack on Pathankot Airforce station In Punjab

TS 10th Class Social 19th Lesson Post-War World and India Intext Questions

Question 1.
What do you understand by the term decolonisation?

Answer: Decolonisation is the action of changing from colonial to independent status. Some are peaceful struggles while others become violent.

Question 2.
How do you think would the newly free countries would have been influenced by the competition between the two power blocks?

Answer:

  1. After the Second World War, the world was divided into two power blocks - one led by the US and the other by the former USSR
  2. But, several newly independent countries of Asia and Africa decided to keep away from both the blocks
  3. Many of the new nations were geographically not very close to either of the two blocks. They were firmly committed to keep at a distance from both the superpowers while maintaining a friendship with all and seeking cooperation from both of them
  4. The Ideology of independence was strong. The three leaders like Nehru were greatly Impressed by the Western tradition of liberty and democracy and believed that alignment with either block would be detrimental to the interests of their countries
  5. So they established and joined the non-alignment movement and formed a third world
Question 3.
Do you think that wars are related to poverty, lack of equitable development, and cultural exchanges between countries?

Answer: Yes, I think that wars are related to poverty, lack of equitable development, and cultural exchange between countries.

Question 4.
According to some, the special powers given to the five powers Is undemocratic and should be abolished while some others feel that If these countries do not have special powers, the UNO cannot function smoothly. Discuss?

Answer: Discussion: It west is promoting democracy in the world, it needs to practice it first, mainly at UN and Security Council. and all other international stages The criteria for Veto power is biased and not in favor of the global peace. It creates further divisions in the nations across the globe, resulting into creation of more groups ol countries, and others, even worse, opposing the entire world

Question 5.
What was the main purpose of 1955 Bandung conference?

Answer: The main purpose of 1955 Bandung conference was Non-alignment Movement

Question 6.
How did superpowers react to the principles of Non-alignment?

Answer: Superpowers reaction for the principles of non-alignment

  1. During the Cold war, the superpowers targeted the members of non-aligned movement toon them In their camps
  2. Monetary aksed was given to development projects
Question 7.
Why were the Non-aligned Nations known as third-world countries?

Answer:

  1. The term Third World arose during the Cold war to define countries that remained nonsigned with either capitalist block or communist block
  2. The Third World has also been connected to the world economic vision as periphery countries in the world system that is donated by the core countries
  3. It became a stereotype to refer to poor countries as Third World Countries
Question 8.
What were the reasons for the conflict between Arabe and Israelites?

Answer: Reasons for the conflict

  1. Holy Land: The Jews consider the land of Israel to be a holy piece of land in that God promised it to the Jewish people as an eternal inheritance. Thus, some Jews, especially Religious Zionists see the resettlement of the land of Israel by Jews to be pail of Gods plan and mandate and therefore do everything in their power to settle it. In addition, it contains specific religious and historical sites such as the Western wall and the old city of Jerusalem, etc. Muslims also consider Jerusalem holy because of Mohammed ascending to heaven on the Buraq over Jerusalems Temple mount Both cultures want to ensure maintenance and access to the sites which they feel have been limited by the other
  2. Zionism: A number of Jews In Europe began to feel that they were being permanently and deliberately excluded from parts of European society because of the prevalent radical and Pseudo-Scientific forms of Anti-Semitism. They believed that there was no possible equality between European nationals and their Jewish residents and were disinterested in the Andaluclan Solution because they did not want to be second-class citizens. They believed that the Jewish people needed t form a political apparatus to defend themselves and their civil rights. Zionism originally had purely secular connotations, but with the advent of religious Zionism, the powerful secular cause of Zionism joined with the Hallowed Land idea to provoke conflict
  3. Haiutlzm of Jewish Land Acquisition: In the first Zionist Congress in 1897, the main a resolution was to acquire, by any means, a piece of land to be made a country for the Jews. Early Zionists toed to figure out how to attract Jews to leave their country of origin and come lo build this Jewish state. The general consensus always revolved around building a state in the land of Israel. As a result, politically influential Jews began purchasing tracts of land from the Ottoman Pashas in control of the territory without indigenous consent and promptly began to develop it. The indigenous Palestinians took issue with the migrations of these Halutizm
  4. Balfour declaration, the Holocaust, and UN Resolution 181: The European dimate also supported the Zionist idea of forming a Jewish state in the middle east as It would allow Jews to leave Europe and stop being a European problem. This prevented the Europeans from having to absorb the refugees themselves, and rapidly increased the number of Jews in Israel, In addition, Britain issued the Balfour Declaration which declared Bntains intent lo create a Jewish state In the middle east
  5. This, however, was not seriously considered until the Holocaust proved to Europeans that Europe was no longer safe for Judaism. UN Resolution 181 promoted a partitioning of the British mandate of Palestine into a Jewish state and an Arab state. While this resolution did pass many Arabs find issues with its decision because there were not enough independent Arab states to vote it down
  6. Rejection of Israel: The cause is the rejection of Israels right to exist on Its historical homeland. It is noted that Jews accepted the partition while Arabs rejected it
  7. Palestinian exodus and UNRWA: This es the most thorny issue. During the 1948-49 war, many Palestinians were forced out of their homes by ISRAEL soldiers due to brutal atrocities. Arab leaders encouraged the exodus. A large number of Palestinians are in UNRWA Refuge carries and there es a large Palestinian Diaspora
  8. OccupatIon of the West Bank and Gaza: In 1967, Israel fought the six-day war against the Arab states and took over control of the West Bank and Gaza. These territories did not come under Israeli civil authority and have been instead militarily controlled
  9. Ratatlation: Each side honors Its fallen by engaging in retaliatory killing and attacks. The retaliation Is usually on a larger scale than the offense
  10. Andalucian solution: Many Arabs capitalize on the situation in Andalucia as being the perfect solution to create Nab-Jewish harmony and are argued when Jews do not agree
  11. PAN - Arab Nationalism: Beginning in the 1950s and reaching its apex in the 1960s and 1970s, the wave of Pan-Arab Nationalism began to assert that all Arabs should bye one united country that would span from Morocco to Iraq
Question 9.
Why did Egypt support the Palestinians during the conflict?

Answer: Egypt - Palestine relations are the bilateral relations between the Arab Republic of Egypt and the Palestinian Authority Egyptian President. Gamal Abdel Nasser was a strong supporter of the Palestinian cause and he favoured self-determination for the Palestinians. So Egypt supported the Palestinians

Question 10.
Why do you think did some Palestinians adopt the path of terrorism? What was its outcome?

Answer: The Palestinians in PLO believed that armed struggle was the best way to achieve liberation to the Palestinians. So they adopted the path of terrorism. Its outcome: Hence, a faction al PLO lead by Arafat carried out terrorist attacks like plane hijackings, holding hostage the Israeli Olympic squad at the Munich Olympics in September 1972, and killing many of the sportspersons. etc. Israel used such attacks by the Palestinians to mount further attacks on them and refused to implement the promises it had made. The region has been constantly wi a state of war and terrorist attacks

Question 11.
Find out about the condition of Palestinians who are living In refugee camps and constantly facing warfare and poverty?

Answer:

  1. Palestine refugees are two times more likely ta live in poverty than other people
  2. The living conditions are simply unacceptable for a middle-income country
  3. Two-thirds of the refugees were engaged in elementary education. such as agriculture and construction
  4. Due to low wages In these industries, even those in work find it difficult to lift themselves out of poverty
  5. They suffered from bad ventilation and an inadequate infrastructure. Their life was under the condition of permanent uncertainty and insecurity
Question 12.
Explain the terms bipolarity and unipolarity?

Answer:

  1. Unipolarity In international politics describes a distribution of power in which there is one state with most of the cultural, economic, and military Influence. This is also called a hegemony or hyperpower
  2. Bipolarity in international politics describes a distribution of power in which two states have the majority of economic, military, and cultural influence internationally or regionally
Question 13.
What are the similarities and differences between Arab Socialist Nationalism and Religious Nationalism?

Answer: The similarities and differences between Arab Socialist Nationalism and Religious Nationalism: Arab Socialist Nationalism: Arab Nationalists believe that their nation had existed as a historical entity prior to the rise of nationalism in the 1 9th-20th century. The nation was formed through the gradual establishment of Arabic as the language of communication and with the advent of Islam as a religion and culture in the region. Both language and religion served as the pillars of the nation. Their socialism meant the nationalization of oil resources and the use of oil revenues by the state to fund welfare measures for the citizens

Religious Nationalism: Religious nationalism IS the relationship of nationalism to a particular religious belief, dogma or affiliation. This relation can be broken down into two aspects: the politicization of religion and the influence of religion on politics

Question 14.
Find out more about the developments in Iran and Afghanistan under the Taliban to understand how religious states work?

Answer: Iran: The official religion of the Islamic Republic of Iran is Stiiaism. The religious principles supporting the organization and structure of the theocracy are very much Shiaasm in origin. Iran explicitly aims to support and lead the entire Muslim world. The Sharlah provides all the laws needed for the Islamic state from Allah. The ruler may adopt legislation from many different Islamic schools of thought

Afghanistan under Taliban: The Taliban were in power for five years. They Impose Deobandi norms in Afghanistan while waging Jihad on the countrys periphery, and neglecting the state functions. The Taliban ministry worked for the promotion of virtue and prevention of vice, It enforced prohibitions on behaviour deemed un-Islamic. requiring women to wear the head-to-toe burqa or chadri, banned music and television, and jailed men whose beards it deemed too short. Humanitarian aid agencies moved to fill the void of social services

Question 15.
Read the passage on Page 287 (During the colonial ....... resolved till today). During the colonial rule, Mc Mahon line was drawn as the border between the countries. Nehru accepted it. Tibet which lay between China and India was to be an independent buffer zone. But China annexed Tibet in 1950 on the plea that it was a dependent state of the old Chinese Errlre?

This removed the buffer between the two countries. There was a revolt in Thet which was crushed by the Chinese. Thousands of Tibetans escaped along with Dalai Lama and took refuge in India. India gave asylum to Dalai Lama and this caused a conflict. Chinese started considering India as an adversary. Prior to this, a border dispute had surfaced between India and China. China laid claim to Aksai-chin area in Ladakh region and much of Arunachal Pradesh. Despite many efforts and long discussions, the conflicts have not been resolved till today

(a) Do you think It was correct for India to give refuge to the Dalai Lama and his Tibetan followers?

Answer: It was a surprising move for India to give refuge to Dalai Lama and his Tibetan followers. A possible motive for the asylum was as a reactionary move against Chinas apparent land grab on the mountainous regions of the border under forced labour The Chinese had constructed the China NH 219 that led deep into the Kashrrwr (India). This surprised India who had not known of its construction and considered it as an act of claiming lands. The CIA was secretly active in this work by providing funds and guidance. So I think India gave refuge to Dalai Lama and his followers to support Tibetans and It was correct

(b) Do you think China was justified In wanting to control Tibet?

Answer: No, I think China was not justified in wanting to control Tibet

Question 16.
To what extent do you think both the countries can forget about their past conflicts over the boundaries and develop meaningful cooperation and friendship?

Answer: Yes, I think both the countries forget about their pest conflicts over the boundaries and develop meaningful cooperation and friendship. India - China relations have steadily grown stronger since 1990. As a result, both countries have evolved protocols and mechanisms to consult, coordinate and manage disputes between them, They have also been cooperating on issue of international concern like global warming and environmental security

Question 17.
What steps do you think should India and Pakistan take to build lasting peace between the two countries?

Answer: Steps to be taken by both India and Pakistan

  1. Dialogue on normalization of relations: This is needed to reduce the risks of conflict and develop confidence-building measures
  2. Dialogue with Kachrair: There needs to be revival of debate on Article 370 of the Constitution that granted Kashrnhr a high degree of autonomy, commitment to a ceasefire, and willingness to follow through with policies aimed at improved security, human rights, and economic welfare in the province
  3. Dialogue within each country: Both the countries need to do more to open up discussions at home about normalization and Kashmir
  4. Dialogue within Kashmir: Kashmir is now a highly divided society. Efforts must Intensify to mend the rifts between its 3 religious groups to reduce the gulf
  5. Dialogue across the LOC: Both sides should permit a wider array of contacts and desist from anything that would disrupt future dialogue
Question 18.
why is peace between India and Pakistan necessary for the development of both the countries?

Answer: Both India and Pakistan have nuclear status and in this scenario, the need of peace process between them is much more important than ever before. Any kind of conventional armed conflict can change into a nuclear war. So the peace process should be based on development of the both the countries

Question 19.
Many small countries feel that their larger neighbours act like big brothers. What do you think is meant by this?

Answer: This means the larger neighboring countries wIN work for the good of the small countries as a family members

Question 20.
Look at the map of India and Bangladesh and see why cooperation between the two countries ¡s of vital importance to both?

Answer: Bangladesh, geographically, is an inner part of India. The sovereignty of both the nations is interdependent. So the co-operation between the two countries is of vital importance to both

Question 21.
Compare the support of India to Bangladesh and ¡ts role ¡n Sri Lanka. Do you think the situation was similar or different?

Answer: The support of India to Bangladesh: In spite of the differences, both the countries have cooperated on many fronts, especially on the economic front. Bangladesh is an integral part of the Indian look East policy to link up south Asia via Myanmar. Both have cooperation on disaster management. Bangladesh has rewarded many Indians who rendered their services and sacrificed their lives for the liberation of Bangladesh

The support of India to Sri Lanka: Since times immemorial, India and Sri Lanka have cultural, ethnic, and economic relations. But the large-scale influx of Sri Lankan Tamil refugees into India posed a special problem. This led to a more active intervention by lnçiia which entered into an agreement with Sri Lanka and the Tamil militants to maintain peace on the island. The Indian government sends IPKF to Sri Lanka. That resulted in the assassination of Sri Rajiv Gandhi. Then India decided not to interfere in the affairs of Sri Lanka

It is imperative that India adopts a proactive policy towards Sri Lanka, to not only save the people but also for its own security reasons. India helped Sri Lanka during the Tsunami time

Important Question

TS 10th Class Social Important Questions 19th Lesson Post-War World and India

1 Mark Questions
Question 1.
What is Panchasheel?

Answer: In 1954 a treaty was held between India and China which incorporated the principles of non-interference in others internal affairs and respect for each others territorial unity, integrity and sovereignty. These principles are known as Panchasheel

Question 2.
How was the USSR escaped from the Great Depression?

Answer: The USSR escaped from the Great Depression

  1. USSR was not integrated with international markets
  2. It had a planned economy
  3. Maintained a balance between demand and supply
Question 3.
What is the aim of "Zionist movement"?

Answer: The aim of the Zionist Movement is to unite the Jews spread across the world and to reclaim Palestine their homeland and build a separate state for the Jews

Question 4.
Write any two principles of Panchasheel pact?

Answer:

  1. Respect for each others sovereignty and territorial lntegnty
  2. Non-interference in the internal affairs of other countries
  3. Non-aggression and settlement of disputes with mutual understanding
  4. Endeavour to achieve cooperation and mutual respect in international relationships
  5. Promoting peaceful coexistence
Question 5.
Observe the following graph and answer the questions a and b?
Graph: US and USSR nuclear stockpiles
Question (a) During 1955-2005, which country had the highest number of warheads?

Answer: USSR / Russia

Question (b) What is the reason for decreasing In the nuclear stockpiles after 1985?

Answer:

  1. Tremendous public pressure
  2. Ban on nuclear tests
Question 6.
Observe the following map and answer the questions?
Question (a) What does the above map tell?

Answer: The given map tells about cold war military alliances

Question (b) Why is united kingdom called as Island?

Answer: United kingdom is called as an Island because it is covered by water on the sides

Question 7.
What are the basic principles of the UNO?

Answer: The basic principles of the United Nations Organisation are preserving peace, upholding human rights, respecting international law and promoting social progress

Question 8.
What were the three of the most important processes?

Answer: Even as the war-devastated countries rebuilt their economies, the world saw some new processes in place. Three of the most important processes were the establishment of the United Nations, Cold War and Decolonisation

Question 9.
Who drafted a charter for the formation of the UNO?

Answer: The principal Allied countries like Britain, France, the USA, the USSR and China drafted a Charter for the formation of the UNO even as the war drew to an end.

Question 10.
Write the number of members of the UNO?

Answer: At the time of its establishment UN had membership of 54 countries and today (2014) there are 193 countries

Question 11.
Which is the main body In the UNO?

Answer: The General Assembly.

Question 12.
Who are the permanent members of the Security Council?

Answer: China, France, United Kingdom; USSR (now Russia) and USA

Question 13.
Explain the Veto Power?

Answer: Any decision taken by Council can be vetoed (made invalid or rejected) by the Intervention of even any one of these countries

Question 14.
Name some third-world countries?

Answer: Countries emerging from colonial domination like Vietnam, Korea, Angola, and Afghanistan

Question 15.
Who got independence In 1960 and what happened then?

Answer: The Belgian colony In Africa. Congo. got independence in 1960. But its radical communist leader, Patrice Lumumba, was killed in 1961, allegedly at the behest of US spy agency called CIA

Question 16.
When did Angola become Independent?

Answer: Angola became independent from Portugual in November 1975

Question 17.
Expand NATO?

Answer: North Atlantic Treaty Organisation

Question 18.
Expand SEATO?

Answer: South East Asian Treaty Organisation

Question 19.
Expand CENTO?

Answer: Central Treaty Organisation

Question 20.
What was the place of the USSR In space race?

Answer: The USSR put the first satellite Sputnik and the first hurnanYun Gagarin in space

Question 21.
Whom did the US send to the moon?

Answer: The US sent Neil Armstrong and others to the Moon n 1969

Question 22.
Expand NAM?

Answer: Non-Alignment Movement

Question 23.
What were the cors concerns of th, people of recently de-colourised?

Answer: The core concerns of people, especially those who were recently de-colonised like poverty, disease, inequality and colonialism were not addressed by any of these issues of contention

Question 24.
What does the West Asia refer to?

Answer: West Asia refers to the region between Europe and Asia. The term middle East is also used to describe this area

Question 25.
What was called the Zionist Movement?

Answer: A movement had developed among the Jews called the Zionist Movement Which called for uniting Jews spread across the world and to reclaim Palestine as their homeland and build a separate state of Jews

Question 26.
Who are Palestinians?

Answer: Palestinians were mostly Arab Muslims

Question 27.
Expand PLO?

Answer: Palestinian Liberation Organization

Question 28.
When and where was the PLO established?

Answer: The PLO was established in 1964 in Jordon and added a new dimension by bringing together all different Arab factions. Its aim was to regain the land ¡t lost, without violence

Question 29.
Why did the US become unpopular?

Answer: The US became unpopular because it supported undemocratic regimes In the Middle East so that the oil resources were available to the US and Its allies

Question 30.
What was the borderline between China and India?

Answer: Mc Mahon Line

Question 31.
What is the main bone of contention between India and Pakistan?

Answer: The main bone of contention between the two countries is Kashmir

Question 32.
Expand P0K?

Answer: Pakistan Occupied Kashmir

Question 33.
Who was U Thanr?

Answer: U Thant was the then Secretary General of UNO

Question 34.
What was Mukh Bahini?

Answer: Suppoders of Mujibur Rahman organised a liberation struggle in the form of Mukti Bahini

Question 35.
Who signed Shimia Agreement?

Answer: Zulfikar Alt Bhutto and Prime Minister Indira Gandhi

Question 36.
Who fought the Kargil War?

Answer: India and Pakistan fought the Kargil war

Question 37.
When was Bangladesh liberated?

Answer:Bangladesh was liberated from Pakistan with hie help of Indian troops in 1972

Question 38.
What is IPKF?

Answer: It is Indian peacekeeping force in Sri Lanka

Question 39.
What is a proxy war?

Answer: A war Instigated by a major power that does not it self participate

Question 40.
Why do you think the cooperation between India and Bangladesh is vital for both countries?

Answer:

  1. Both the countries have cooperated on the economic front and river water
  2. Bangladesh is an integral part of the Indian Look East Policy to link up South Asia via Myanmar and both have cooperation on disaster management
Question 41.
Expand UNICEF?

Answer: United Nations International Childrens Emergency Fund

Question 42.
Who formulated the NATO, the military alliance?

Answer: United States of America / America

Question 43.
What is the boundary line between China and india?

Answer: Mc Mahon Line is the boundary line between China and India

Question 44.
Explain the terms bipolarity and unipolarity?

Answer:

  1. Under the leadership of USA and USSR the world divided into two power blocks after World War II with different ideologies. This situation is called as bipolarity
  2. After the collapse of USSR, only USA remained as superpower in the world. This situation is called as unipolarity
Question 45.
What is Cold War?

Answer: The absence of a real fighting as In traditional wars is called cold war. The cold war characterized by the intense tension between the USA and the USSR during 1945 to 1991

Question 46.
What is non-alignment movement?

Answer: The policy followed by newly independent countries after Second World War, without involving in any of the military blocks, following neutrality in international politics

2 Marks Questions
Question 1.
What do you understand by Cold War?

Answer: Cold War: Ideological differences between America and Russia is called Cold War

  1. It Is an indirect war. There as no real war
  2. It created mutual hatred, misbelief and enmity between Communist Russia and capitalist USA
  3. Both the USA and the USSR were n the possession of nuclear weapons
  4. They maintained secret alliances and treaties. Ex NATO, WARSAW
  5. Always they created a tension of war
  6. As the rival powers accumulated destructive weapons the world was constantly threatened by a nuclear holocaust
  7. People of all countries lived in constant fear of war
Question 2.
What suggestions do you give to maintain friendly relations with neighbouring countries?

Answer:

  1. No country at the present time can afford to exist m isolation
  2. From its very inception they have to maintain friendly relation with their neighbouring countries
  3. Maintain mutual confidence and trust based on heart-to-heart
  4. Rejects the role of a military power and committed to peace
  5. Should have greater understanding and cooperation among the people of neighbouring nations
  6. Should maintain friendly relations with neighbouring countries and blossom secularism, democracy and freedom here
  7. We should share peace and prosperity with the neighbouring countries
Question 3.
Write briefly about the present relations between India and Pakistan?

Answer: Pakistan was separated from India and formed in 1947 as an Independent country. It as still supporting separation movements in Jammu and Kashmir in India. Pakistan is sending extremists to India to create some instability

India accuses that Pakistan is encouraging to send fake notes to India. It is violating the cease-fire conditions and causing for civilians and soldiers deaths. Modi visited Pakistan and discussed with the Prime Minister but the problem is not solved. India answered with surgical strikes. It was a great loss for Pakistan. I think the both countries should sit together and solve the problems to concentrate on development

Question 4.
Suggest measures for better relations between China and India?

Answer:

  • Since 1962 India. Chinas relations are not good and fair
  • Each should respect other country
  • Panchsheel principles should be followed
  • Settle disputes mutually with bilateral discussions
  • Both countries should understand that they lose much more if there would be a war
Question 5.
Which were the worst affected countries In World War - II?

Answer: The worst affected were the European countries, especially the USSR. Poland and Yugoslavia which lost about 20% of its population. In economic terms too the USSR and other European countries lost heavily with destruction of cities

Question 6.
Why had the World War- II been fought?
(OR) What led to the formation of UNO?

Answer: The Second World War had been fought on the principles of peace, democracy and freedom of nations in contrast to the Nazi ideas of dictatorship and Imperialism. Thus the first task was to establish a global organisation that would ensure peace and development in all nations. This led to the formation of the United Nations Organisation

Question 7.
Is the UNO successful In preventions wars?

Answer: While the UN has been doing commendable work in the area of education, health, cultural exchange and protection of heritage, it has been less successful in preventing wars. It has often been held hostage to the ambitions of the superpowers that sought world control

Question 8.
Which is called a Cold war?

Answer: For more than forty-five years after the Second World War, a rather strange war was fought between the two blocks. It was a war in which the principal contenders did not physically attack each other or fight each other directly and hence, there was no hot war. Instead, a War was fought behind closed doors through propaganda and words. It is called the Cold War

Question 9.
Why is It called the Cold war?

Answer: It is called the Cold War simply because of the absence of a real fighting as in traditional wars. This Cold War characterised by intense tension between the United States and the USSR, influenced and shaped almost everything that happened in the world between 1945 and 1991

Question 10.
What was the result of Atghanlsthan Invasion by the USSR?

Answer: In 1971 the USSR invaded Afghanistan to install a friendly government there. The US in turn provided armed support to Afghan rebels who were also religious extremists. A prolonged civil war ensued and as the USSR decided to withdraw from Afghanistan in 1985 that country fell to religious extremists led by the Taliban which now turned against the USA

Question 11.
How did the Alliances help the superpowers?

Answer: The alliances heed super powers which wanted to expand their influence to gain access to the vital resources like oil and minerals markets for their products and places to safely invest their capital military bases to launch their troops and weapons spread their ideology and gain economic support, to pay huge military expenses

Question 14.
Explain the significance of the Bandung conference?

Answer: in 1955 at Bandung Indonesia, a conference was held. it was the first Asio-African conference represented by 29 nations. The most important leaders of this conference were Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru the then Prime Minister of India, Gamal Abdul Nasser the leader of Egypt and Josip Broz Tito the leader of Yugoslavia. Pt. Nehru was acknowledged as the chief spokesperson. It paved the way for Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)

Question 15.
What have often described as the West Asian Crises? Write about them?

Answer: The conflicts that developed between Arabs and Jews are often described as the West Asian Crises. it was mainly related to the occupation of Palestine. Palestine which was in habitad by Arabs was under the control of Britain before Second World War. in It Is situated Jerusalem which is a holy city for Jews. Christians and Muslims alike

Question 16.
Write about Taliban of Afghanistan?

Answer: The Taliban which took over Afghanistan after the withdrawal of Soviet troops similarly established an extremist Islamic state. These states tried to force afl people to strictly follow the rules laid down in religious texts. in many cases, this meant the denial of basic freedom and equality of opportunity to women and to religious minorities

Question 17.
Which led to a war against Iraq?

Answer: The beginning of the twenty-first century witnessed growing discontent among the Arabs which resulted in the growth of religious terrorism. Some Arab terrorists hijacked two aircrafts in the US and crashed into the World Trade Centre in New York killing thousands of people. This led to a war against Taliban and eventually to a war against Iraq

Question 18.
Write about Mikhali Gorbachev?

Answer: Mikhail Gorbachev n the USSR tried to transform the politics of USSR by making it more open and bringing about radical changes. He was a liberal who introduced certain reforms for the revival of their economy and promoted healthy relations with the West. The reforms introduced by the open remain are often described as Glasnostand Perestroika

Question 19.
Why Is China considering India as an adversary?

Answer: India gave asylum to Dalai Lama, this caused a conflict, and Chinese started considering India as an adversary. Prior to this, a border dispute had surfaced between India and China. China laid claim to Aksai-chin area In Ladakh region and much of Arunachal Pradesh

Question 20.
Write about the indo-China war 1962?

Answer: China invaded India in October 1962 violating the peace treaties It signed with India. india was not prepared for this surprise attack and suffered much losses. Eventually, China declared unilateral ceasefire and withdrew its troops to its pro-war position. It took more than a decade to resume normal relations. Full diplomatic relations were restored only in 1976

Question 21.
How has Non-Alignment Movement emerged?

Answer:

  1. A large number of developing countries that had attained independence after the World War li, during cold war era, in order to maintain their hard-won freedom, decided to stay away from the arena of superpower rivalry
  2. The non-Alignment movement emerged under the leadership of india. Egypt and Yugoslavia came Into existence which added a new dimension lo world politics
Question 22.
Observe the following graph and answer the following questions. Graph Indias and Pakistans Military Expenditures?
Question 1. Which country had spent more on Military Expenditure in its GDP?

Answer: Pakistan had spent more on military expenditure as % GDP

Question 2. What does the graph show?

Answer: The graph shows Indias and Pakistans Military Expenditures

Question 23.
To emphasise the determination for peace, Jawaharlal Nehru formulated his renowned Panchsheel principles?
  1. Respect for each others sovereignty and territorial integrity
  2. Non-Interference in the internal affairs of other countries
  3. Non-aggression and settlement of disputes with mutual understanding
  4. Endeavour to achieve cooperation and mutual respect in international relationships
  5. Promoting peaceful co-existence
Question i. In between which countries, the Panchsheel was formulated?

Answer: India and China

Question ii. Mention any two principles of Panchsheel?

Answer:

  1. Respect for each others sovereignty and territorial integrity
  2. Non-interference in the internal affairs of other countries
  3. Non-aggression and settlement of disputes with mutual understanding
  4. Endeavour to achieve cooperation and mutual respect in international relationships
  5. Promoting peaceful co-existence
Question 24.
Observe the following Map and answer the questions given below?
Question (A) Write any two countries which are sharing boundary with India on Northeastern side?

Answer: Nepal, Bhutan and Bangladesh

Question (B) Mention two countries which are sharing sea-boundary with India?

Answer: Sri Lanka and Maldives

Question 25.
Observe the map and answer the following questions?
Question (a) Name any two countries of NATO at the founding (.stablishment) time?

Answer: France and Iceland

Question (b) Name any two Countries which were under the WARSAW?

Answer: Poland and Czekoslovakia

4 Marks Questions
Question 1.
What is the NAM? What are Its main objectives?

Answer: NAM:

  1. Not joining In any powerful block either the USA block or the USSR block
  2. Maintaining equal chance and behaving independently
Objectives:
  1. Maintain the world peace
  2. MaintaIn the cooperation among the member nations
  3. To prevent any of the newly decolonised independent countries from joining any of the military blocks
  4. Estimate the growing cold war tensions and its impact on the world at large
.
Question 2.
What is the role of the UNO in maintaining world peace?

Answer: In order to build peace in the world the U.N.O. plays its prominent role as below. The U.N.O. was established on 24th October. 1945

  1. It prevented the Cold War
  2. It succeeded in getting independence to Indonesia from the Dutch
  3. It solved the dispute in Palestina between Arabs and Jews by creating a separate state of Israel for Jews
  4. It succeeded in averting a war between England and Egypt over Suez Canal issue
  5. It created Pressure on Russia and the U.S.A. to the receiving of nuclear weapons
  6. it helped Congo to get freedom
  7. U.N. helped to defuse Cuban missile crisis, middle east crisis
  8. UN-sponsored peace settlement ended Iran Iraq war
  9. UN-sponsored negotiations led to withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan
  10. It helped Cyprus to avert conflict between Greeks and Turks
  11. When Pakistan resorted to aggression over Kashmir It intervened and tned to avert the war between lndia and Pakistan
  12. It helped to Angola to get Independence from Portugal
  13. So far it has been able to prevent a Third World War
Question 3.
Why Is peace between India and Pakistan necessary for the development of both the countries?

Answer:

  1. Both India and Pakistan have nuclear status and in this scenario the need of peace process between them is much more important than ever before
  2. Any kind of conventional armed conflict can change into a nuclear war
  3. So the peace process should be based on development of the both the countries
  4. For social, political and economical development of the both the countries, peace should be established between them
Question 4.
Is Veto power to a few countries In the UNO, helping or barrier for World Peace? Discuss?

Answer: Sometimes Veto power is working as a barrier and also helpful to world peace. How it is barrier:

  1. Often the great powers themselves involved In many of the conflicts used their Veto power to block any action by the U.N.O
  2. Sometimes they have also used their power to force the UN to bend to their dictates

How It is helping: The special powers so have given the great powers a special role and responsibility In preserving world peace. U.N.O created pressure on Russia and the USA to the reducing of nuclear weapons. U.N.O helped to defuse Cuban missile crisis. However, the very existence of a forum like UN, has forced great powers to exercise moderation and self-control

Question 5.
Observe the given graph and analyse It. Indias end Pakistans Military Expenditures?

Answer:

  1. The graph explains about india arid Pakistan military expenditures
  2. Pakistan spent more on military expenditure as % GDP
  3. The military expenditure of India was also high
  4. India spent less on military expenditure as % GDP. Both countries gave importance to gather more and more weapons because always Pakistan is provoking India on the issue of Jammu & Kashmir. In 2016 Ud incident also happened. India
  5. faces problem with China also
(or)

Since 1988 Pakistans military expenditure has not been high. Since 2000 onwards It has been increasing. Though the amount is increased its expenditure in GDP percentage is decreasing. It seems to be less but in total it is more and dangerous to its neighbouring countries like India. At the same time, India is also increasing its expenditure on rrslitary to protect its people from neighbouring countries

Question 6.
Write a detailed note on West Asian conflicts?

Answer: Jerusalem is a holy city for Jews, Christians, Muslims alike. The Jews consider Palestine as their Promised Land. The conflict came to a head in Germany under the Nazis when millions of Jews of Europe were jailed and killed. Zionist movement spread across the world and tried to reclaim Palestine as their homeland. This demand was supported by the Western powers

Both the USA and the USSR wanted to bring this region of massive oil reserves under their control. UN divided into two parts Arab and the Jew" states. The Arabs refused to recognize Israel as a legitimate state. Egypt came in support of Palestine but in 1956 Israel attacked Egypt with the support of Western Powers. Israel withdrew the army. The Palestine Uberabon Organization encouraged the Arabs to attack Israel

Yasser Arafat carried out terrorist attacks. Later he gave up terrorist attacks and agreed to find a peaceful solution. He died in 2004 and the Palestinians are still fighting for their homeland

Question 7.
Observe the following table and analyze it with regard to the trend of nuclear weapons stockpiles. Nuclear Weapons Stockpiles (1990 - 2014)?

Answer: The given table is about nuclear weapons stockpiles during the period 1990-2014. In this table the super powers United States of America and Union of Soviet Socialist Republic are conared. In the beginning, the frequency of period is five years but in the ending 2014 is given immediately after 2005

During 1990 the nuclear weapons stockpiles with both the countries are high. United States of Armenia has 10 904 whereas Union of Soviet Socialist Republic has 37,000, This is about four times more than the weapons of USA. The wonders that 1995 onwards the number of stockpiles is reducing

It has many reasons. It is the experience of 1945 nuclear bomb blast of Hiroshima and Nagasaki of Japan. Millions of civilians also died in that blast. Second World War brought various experiences to the world. Nuclear Non Proliferation Treaties are also the reasons

UNO also brought awareness among the nations. Human Rights Commissions also tried well. During 2014 the USSR brought the weapons down to 7500 only. This is realty drastic reduce. In 1990 the USSR has four times more weapons to the USA whereas during 2014 ii is only about 300 more weapons

All the countries should think that if nuclear weapons are used in the wars, there will be much destruction to the mankind, Superpowers and developing countries also concentrate on reducing the nuclear weapons. Recently North Korea tested these weapons and created much tension among the countries. So everyone should respect the peace

Question 8.
Under the present circumstances, give suggestions to build cordial relations between India and Its neighbouring countries?
(OR) Why should India have cordial relations with neighbouring countries?

Answer:

  1. India was founder of the NAM which sought to keep an independent position between the two superpowers
  2. India tried to base its foreign policy on the Gandhian principles of peace and non-violence
  3. India Is emerging as a major world economic and political power. So, it should get support from the neighbours and in turn help them
  4. It should take measures to maintain peace and tranquillity at the borders, which is possible only with cordial relations with neighbours
  5. It has shared culture and civilisation with neighbouring countries, thus built bridges of friendship through trade, sports, films, tourism and cultural exchanges
  6. It shall have greater understanding and cooperation among the people of neighbouring nations
  7. It shall have friendly relations with neighbouring countries and blossom secularism. democracy and freedom here
  8. It shall have cooperation with neighbours on disaster management
Question 9.
Describe the present circumstances that are threatening world peace?

Answer: Present circumstances that are threatening world peace

  • Terrorism
  • Wars
  • Armament race
  • Invasions
  • Communalism
  • Exploitation of resources
  • Interference of developed countries in the affairs of developing countries
  • Aggressive nationalism
Question 10.
Observe the following table and analyse It. US and USSR Nuclear Stockpiles (Number of warheads)?
Country 1990 1995 2000 2005 2014
USA 10,904 10,577 8,360 7,700 7,260
Russia/USSR 37,000 27,000 21,500 17,000 7,500
Year US USSR
1965 33,000 10,000
1975 25,000 32,000
1985 24,000 45,000
1995 12,000 25,000
2005 11,000 16,000

Answer: Table Analysis: From the given table we understand that from the year 1965 to 2005 the U.S stock piles gradually decreased. 21 In the U.S.S.R the stockpiles Increased from 1965 to 1985. and then decreased till 2005. Reason for increasing the stockpiles: At the bening the stockpiles nurturer is increased due to military supremacy and to gain economic supremacy that lead the countries to emerge camps after Second World War

Reasons for decreasing their stockpiles:
  1. Both the countries realised that warmongering and the consequent arms race only made the world more unsafe and increased the possibility of a disastrous war for all countries
  2. As a result of the pressures the USA and the USSR, the main competitors in the arms race signed on cut down their nuclear orsenal
  3. Cold war came to an end with the collapse of the USSR In 1991; Is also another reason for this
Question 11.
Give suggestions to solve the differences among the countries of Non-Aligned Movement?

Answer: Suggestions to solve the differences among the countries of Non-Aligned Movement

  1. Respect for each others sovereignty and territorial integrity
  2. Non-interference in the internal affairs of other countries
  3. Non-aggression and settlement of disputes with mutual understanding
  4. Endeavour to achieve mutual respect and cooperation in international relationships
  5. Promoting peaceful co-existence
Question 12.
Read the given paragraph and write your opinion. Dunng the last few decades. Tribal and Marginal farmers have also been threatened by CorrerciaI farmers, mining corporations, dam projects, etc. As the large currencies find rare resources in remote rural areas, like minerals, rare plants or annals and water, there has been a rapid increase in the ousting of the farming and tribal population from traditional areas?

Answer: According to the given paragraph, the marginalised communities are being neglected and mostly they are exploited. Big companies Invest money for their benefits and so the tribal people are far away from agriculture forcefully

Mining corporations take permission from the mineral development Department or the government and they start mining. Sometimes government plan to construct dams so as to get the water irrigated to feed lakhs of hectares of cultivable Land and in some cases uncultivable land also will be converted to cultivable. The people in foothills of the hills mountains or forests will be asked to migrate to other places

Sometimes It is a must. Then they oppose the construction of dams and other developmental activities. Government has to give sufficient correlation,, to the land losers. Moreover, it is better to provide land in place of land, but it should be of same quality cultivable When farmers, and tribals are asked to vacate where do they go

Without proper planning it impossible to move. In some localities like Yeliampally and Mid Manair areas the land losers got sufficient compensation and so they settled in new colonies. In Kudamkulam in Tamilnadu, Narmada dam construction the land losers are not satisfied

Question 13.
How was the USA after the World War II?

Answer: The USA suffered less as the war was not fought on its territories. In fact the Second World War helped the USA grow out of its economic misery caused by the Great Depression. Far from the theatres of war, the industries and agriculture of the USA prospered

This ensured full employment and high productivity in the US during the Second World War. In March 1945, the US President, Harry Truman, said, We have emerged from this War the most powerful nation ¡n the world - the most powerful nation, perhaps, in all history

Question 14.
Explain the organs of the UNO?

Answer: The UN works through six different organs. Each of these organs has specific functions like maintaining peace and security, improving education and health facilities. alleviating poverty, providing justice in the context of international crimes and so on

Some bodies responsible for these functions Include International Court of Justice located in Hague; the World Health Organisation located at Geneva. the United Nations Educational. Scientific and Cultural Organisation functioning from Paris, and United Nations ChildrecYs Emergency Fund functioning from New York

Question 15.
Explain the blocks In the world (1945 - 1991)?

Answer: Two major ideological and political camps emerged in the post-war period - the Communist block led by the USSR and the Democratic Capitalist Block led by the USA. On the one hand, the USSR promoted the ideas of equality and state controlled development and suppression of opposition to these principles. On the other hand USA promoted the ideas of multi-party democracy and private capitalist controlled process of development. The USSR had the entire Eastern Europe (Poland. Hungary, and East Germany) under its influence and many colonies which were gaining freedom like China and Vietnam were closely aligned to it

The countries of Western Europe like Britain, France, Spain were closely allied with the USA. The two blocks competed with each other for bringing all the intermediate countries in their blocks

Question 16.
Write about the military alliances?

Answer: Both the USA and the USSR were in the possession of nuclear weapons but knew very well neither would be the winner in a nuclear war. Yet, they formed military and strategic alliances- the west formalised its allïances in an organisation known as North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) in 1949

To counter this. Communist nations made similar alliances and signed the Warsaw Pact. In addition to this, the US established regional military and strategic alliances like South East AsianTrealy Organisation (SEATO) and Central Treaty Organisation (CENTO)

Question 17.
Write about the NAPA?

Answer: Non-alignment was established as an international organisation with an aim to promote cultural and economic cooperation among the newly independent countries of Asia, Africa and later Latin America

The first Summit was held at Belgrade in Yugoslavia in September 1961. It was attended by 25 member countries. By 2012, the membership has grown to 120 Countries with 17 Observers. The first Summit was the culmination of three major concerns: Cooperation among the member nations of NAM most of them who had newly emerged as free countries. Growing Cold War tensions and its impact on the world at large. Lastly, to prevent any of the newly decolonised Independent countries from joining any of the military blocks

Question 18.
Who made an effort to unite the Arabs? Explain it?

Answer: The President of Egypt Gamal Abdel Nasser (1918-1970) made an effort to unite the Arabs. He formed fidayeens (suicide squads) for causing explosions in public places in Israel. He adopted aggressive policies against Britain and France and demanded that Britain should withdraw its troops from the Suez Canal. The United States withdrew aid to Egypt for the construction of Aswan Dacn. Nasser nationalised Suez Canal with the support of USSR who supplied arms and ammunition for Egypts struggle against the West

Question 19.
Who formulated Panchasheel principles and write about them?

Answer: India tends to base its foreign policy on the Qandhian principles of peace and non-violence. To emphasise its determination for peace Jawaharlal Nehru formulated his renowned

Panchsheel principles:
  1. Respect for each others sovereignty and ten-Itonal integrity
  2. Non-interference in the internal affairs of other countries
  3. Non-aggressIon and settlement of disputes with mutual understanding
  4. Endeavour to achieve cooperation and mutual respect in International relationships
  5. Promoting peaceful coexistence

These were to determine Indias relations with other countries, especially its neighbours China. Pakistan, Sri Lanka and subsequently Bangladesh

Question 20.
What were the effects of cold war and military alliances?

Answer:

  1. The rivalry between superpowers has produced endless friction
  2. The dream of creating one world with all the people living in peace, was shattered
  3. The cold war resulted in a race of armaments
  4. The military alliances like NATO, Warsaw pact, SEATO and CENTO resulted In competition for armaments - conventional and nuclear
  5. The effect of cold war was detrimental to the progress of humanity
  6. The diversion of worlds economic resources for armament production had adversely affected economic development of the world
  7. The intensificatIon of cold war has enhanced the difficulty of all the countries irrespective of their involvement In the cold war
  8. If civilization is to survive, nations should give up armaments competition and accept peaceful coexistence as the only alternative to total annihilation
Question 21.
Two world wars were proved to be the cause for death and destruction. What would happen If Third World War were to happen?

Answer:

  1. The death and destruction caused by world wars was unprecedented
  2. World War I had claimed 10 million men In battle
  3. About 22-25 million military casualitles and deaths of 40-52 million civilians In the World War II
  4. After effects of the atom bombs dropped, diseases like leukaemia and cancer lingered for decades
  5. If the Third World War were to happen, it may have for reaching effects
  6. The world may be smashed within no time as the countries of the world are now equipped with such technology and ammunition and weapons
  7. Now many countries rise to the status of nuclear countries, the technology which can be the most destructive
  8. But, United Nations Organization and all the countries on their own are avoiding it to happen
Question 22.
Observe the following graph?
Graph: US and USSR nuclear stockpiles
Question 1. What does the graph show?

Answer: The graph shows the US and USSR nuclear stockpiles

Question 2. Which country had highest number of warheads In 1985?

Answer: In 1985, Russia had the highest number ol warheads

Question 3. Why did the warheads competition take place In between the US and the USSR after 1945?

Answer: There were Ideological differences between the USA and the USSR. leading to Cold War, resulted in warheads competition

Question 4. Which country had less arms In 2005?

Answer: The USA had loss amis In 2005

Question 23.
On the outline map of world Identify the following locations?
  1. Egypt
  2. Indonesia
  3. Israel
  4. Palestino
  5. China
  6. Spain
  7. Belgium
  8. Congo
  9. Chile
  10. Jordan
  11. Afghanistan
  12. Bangladesh

Answer:

Question 24.
Read the following paragraph and interpret Ii. "While the UN has been doing commendable work in the area of education, health, cultural exchange and protection of heritage, it has been less successful in preventing wars, It has often been held hostage to the ambitions of the super-powers who seek Control over the world?

Answer: The summary of the given paragraph is that United Natìons he been doing better service in socio-cultural areas but it is not so successful in preventing wars. The supers control the UN and they lead to wars, Hence UN is not doing anything successfully to prevent wars. United Nations Organisation was established on 24th October 1945. Its headquarter Is at New York. It was formed with the intention of preventing wars and maintaining peace everywhere

The United Nations has some international agencies to work for the betterment of education, health and protection of heritage UNDP and World Health Organisation are working in this regard. Many countries in the world are not providing sufficient medical care So UN contributes a lot. At the time of natural calamities, UN agencies come forward and give a helping hand to the victims. They send food and commodities. The agencies are concentrating on vaccinations to prevent various types of diseases. They provide medicines also. Literacy improvement programmes are also taken up

The real aim of United Nations is to prevent wars and maintain peace all over the world. To discharge this duty, United Nations needs its own army but its has multinational force. This force is provided by many of the nations which follow imperialistic way of living. The superpowers like America and Russia develop enmity among nations and try to improve their polarization. After the Second World War, the world was divided into two poles. The countries which came forward to form the United Nations are not fully cooperating in bringing peace

In conclusion, I say that the United Nations is not doing its dirty well. I agree with the content of the paragraph given. As a social organization, the United Nations is working well. Social, economical, cultural development will be collapsed if wars are not prevented. The superpowers should allow the United Nations to work on its own. They shouldnt intervene. The superpowers should maintain peace. They shouldnt try to suppress or oppress any of the country. Peace can be maintained only if every country try to follow it

Question 25.
Read the following paragraph and write your opinion. The Taliban, which took over Afghanistan after the withdrawal of Soviet troops, similarly established an extremist Islamic state. These states tried to force all the people to strictly follow the rules laid down in religious texts. In many cases, this meant the denial of basic freedom and equality of opportunity to women arid religious minorities The given paragraph says that an extremist Islamic state was formed in Afghanistan?

Answer:This forced all the people to strictly follow the rules mentioned in religious texts. The women were not treated as equals. their basic freedom was denied. In many cases, the opposition to the United States and United States-backed regimes took religious colours. Nationalist forces, instead of supporting the idea of equitable distribution of wealth arid opportunities fostered the idea of establishing religious orthodoxy in the countries like Libya. The remes combined welfare policies with autocratic and dictatorial rule of a ruler or a small group. They didnt allow any opposition or democratic protest against themselves

A revolution took place in Iran in 1979 in which the old king of Iran, who was supported by United States was removed and a new government jointly controlled by Shia Islamic cienos and democratically elected leaders was established. The Taliban are extremists in Afghanistan. Once they fired a girl named Malala for voice for education. She was identified easily as she didnt wear the burkha in a bus, So she was short. She was rescued and later on given Nobel Prize. The Talibans insisted everyone to follow the rules laid down in religious texts

My opinion is that one should follow the religious rules with understanding them and they should be followed heartfully. Religion ris personal - No one can torce anyone to follow some rules or flow the same. The Talibans do not allow women to have basic freedom. The women have no equal rights. In modem society all the men and women are equal in getting opportunities. Many Kuman Rights Comrrwssiocis and Non-Governmental Organisations are working for the women, children and for the sake of the downtrodden groups

be women were given right to vote after many agitations and movements. In 21st century. we can expect discrimination. Religious texts, rules can be explained for understanding and following of them should be left to the individuals. Fundamentalism leads to dissatisfaction to some of the citizens

By concluding I say, giving respect and following ones religion is completely personal and individual. There should be no denial of basic freedom and equality of opportunity to women and religious minorities. In Indian Minorities are given special protection. Provision is there in the Constitution with 29. 30 Articles

Question 26.
Read the following paragraph and comment on it. "Over the years, the NAM helped countries like India to take an independent position when the two superpowers tell apart and pulled countries to their side. It also helped the newly emerging countries to bargain for space and assistance from the superpowers by playing one against the other. To some extent, it also helped to ease tensions amongst the NAM countries?

Answer: According to the paragraph the Non-Aligned Movement helped many countries like India to get Independent position. NAM encouraged countries not to join any of the superpower blocks. The tension was eased among the NAM countries

When the Second World War was ended, the world was divided into two blocks. One block was headed by United States of America and the other, by Union of Soviet Socialist Republic. US was a Capitalist block and USSR was a Socialist block. They attracted many of the countries to join their groups. In 1947 India got independence and these two blocks expected that India would join in these groups. India decided not to join any of these groups. A conference was held in Bandung in Indonesia, and it was decided to form Non-Alignment Movement. Its first summit was held in Yugoslavia with 25 member countries. Gradually the number increased to more than 120 countries

The two power blocks pulled countries to their side by implementing different doctrines like Marshall plan. Maithove plan and so on. They came forward to help by giving loans for reconstructing the economies. The whole world was under tension, that what will happen if these two superpowers continue their enmity and conspiracies. The whole world was afraid of its future. When NAM came into existence, the tension was reduced. There is a hope of ray in the world. Many of the countries are small In size and resources. They are afraid of these superpowers

These superpowers want to dominate the world. Some satire is there, that one of these two powers want to play the tote of sarpancti feeling the entire world as a gram panchayat. This type of psychology destructs the worlds stability, In conclusion, the present age is democratic age. Every country wants to develop its own keeping the aspirations and needs to its people. All the countries, though they are small, want to work for the welfare of the people. This age is welfare age. US and USSR should concentrate on their countries only. They shouldnt intervene wi the fields of others

The freedom of every country should be given respect In the gameplay of these superpowers small and newly independent countries shouldnt become the victims. NAM is neither closer to US nor USSR. They are kept at equal distances. We are not against to any of these groups. Democracy and independence with sovereignty are to be given importance

Question 26.
Read the following paragraph and interpret It. "Pakistan has, over the years. encouraged separatist movements in the border states of India like Punjab, Jammu and Kashmir. India has often accused Pakistan of not only supporting such movements but actively training and sending religious extremists to foment trouble in India. Pakistan, In turn, has been accusing India of hying to destabilise it and constantly threatening it with military action and stockpiling of nuclear arms and missile?

Answer: According to the given paragraph Pakistan is separate and armed sri independent country but it is still supporting separation movements in Jammu and Kashmir. Pakistan is now sending extremists to India lo create unstable situation. Pakistan is accusing India of trying to destabilize. India is increasing its stockpiles of nuclear weapons and missiles. Hence Pakistan is being in a threat

When India was under the British rule. Pakistan was not formed. It was a part of India. Since 1930s. there was demand from Muslims to separate their country. It was on the basis of religion. In 1947, India got independence and it was divided. East and West Pakistan came to a struggle in 1970$. East Bengal, that was the East Pakistan turned against the West Pakistan and so there was a war. India gave support to East Pakistan and won the war. After the war East Pakistan became Bangladesh. Pakistan was supporting the terrorists and trying to create troubles. In 1948 and 1965 Pakistan attacked India. In Karg.l, Pakistan also started a war. In all the wars, Pakistan was defeated by Indian army. Recently Pakistans conspiracy of fake notes In India came into light. Crores of rupees were sent to India to destabilise the Indian economy but the police traced it. Many of the Illegal persons are coming by crossing the border. Terrorist activities are strengthening in India with their support

On International daises. Pakistan is raising the issue of Kashrrnr, with regard to Kashmir bilateral discussions are in progress but tNt now it didnt come to an end. India and Pakistan, both the countries are increasing their stock piles of nuclear arms and missiles. The world has already seen and experienced the effect of nuclear blast at Nagasaki and Hiroshima. If it is repeated now, no one will be rescued. Enormous human holocaust will be taken place

In conclusion, I would say that both India and Pakistan should spend their money on public facilities and try to develop their countries. Foc the sake of Kashmir, Pakistan should not try to destabilize Indian political-economic situation, One should understand the conditions of the poor In two countries and they should sit together and find a solution

Question 27.
Observe the Europe map and write any two countries from the WARSA p00l and any two countries from the NATO pool?

Answer: NATO Pool

  • USA
  • Canada
  • Belgium
  • Denmark
  • France
  • Portugal
  • Britain, etc
WARSA Pool
  • Poland
  • Albania
  • Rumania
  • Bulgaria
  • Hungary, etc
Question 28.
Observe the graph given below and answer the following questions?
Question 1. Which country has more nuclear stockpiles during 1955-1975?

Answer: United States of America

Question 2. What Is the number of warheads that United States had In 1965?

Answer: Nearly 30,000

Question 3. What led the countries to emerg camps after Second World War?

Answer:

  • Ideological conflicts between US and USSR
  • For military supremacy and to gain economic supremacy lead the countries to emerge camps after Second World War
Question 4. Why did the countries decrease their nuclear stockpiles after 1990?

Answer:

  1. Realised that warmongering and the consequent arms race only macle the world more unsafe and increased the possibility of a disastrous war for all countries
  2. As e result of the pressures the USA and USSR, the main competitors in the arms race, signed on cut down their nuclear arsenal (SALT, START)
  3. Cold war came to an end with the collapses of USSR in 1991; is also another reason for this
Question 29.
Locate the following in the given map of World?
  1. Congo
  2. Germany
  3. FascIsm belongs to this country
  4. Headquarters of League of Nations

Answer: Geneva

  1. Czecoslavakie
  2. Rumania
  3. Mediterranean sea
  4. Burma / Myanmar
  5. Australia
  6. Bulgaria

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