Independent India-(The First -30year 1947-77)

TS 10th Class Social Important Questions 17th Lesson Independent India (The First 30 years - 1947-77)

1 mark Questions

Question 1.
Write any two rural development programmes of Nehru?

Answer: The rural development programmes are: The strategy favoured by Nehru and finally adopted included three components

• Land reforms
• Agricultural cooperatives and
• Local self-government

Three types of land reforms were contemplated

1. abolition of Zamindari system
2. tenancy reform and
3. land ceilings

Question 2.
What was the main reason behind introducing symbols to represent political parties and candidates by Election Commission?

Answer: To overcome the problem of Illiteracy

Question 3.
Why is Green Revolution Compulsory in India?

Answer: Green Revolution in India is compulsory because

1. To meet the needs of the increasing population by increasing food production
2. To use better water management

Question 4.
What is the difference between a single-party system and multi-party system?

Answer:

1. Single party system - prevailing only one party
2. Multi-party system - prevailing many parties

Question 5.
What is meant by Universal Adult Franchise?

Answer: Universal Adult Franchise: All the people who attain the age of 18 years, irrespective of caste, creed, religion, gender, language have the right to vote

Question 6.
What are the land reforms proposed by Jawaharlal Nehru?

Answer: According to Nehrus proposal of land reforms are

1. Abolition of Zamindari System
2. Tenancy reforms
3. Land ceiling. Some land is fixed, No one should hold more than that extent

Question 7.
Observe the graph given below and answer Questions?

Question (a) How many seats were gained by DMDK and DMK together?

Answer: Seats gained by DMDK and DMK were 52

Question (b) As per the graph, which party is supposed to form the Government?

Answer: Party supposed to form the government is AIADMK

Question 8.
What is the Constitution sought for?

Answer: The Constitution is sought to fulfil multiple goals simultaneously, including making democracy work, unification and creation of a single political community and bringing about massive social and economic changes

Question 9.
What was a great achievement?

Answer: The selling of a national goals and putting in placa institutional mechanisms to achieve them within a relatively short span of time was undoubtedly a great achievement for a people who had been ruled by foreign power lot more than two centuries

Question 10.
How can you say that first general elections were immensely significant for Indian democracy?

Answer: The first elections were difficult because of the social dimensions also

Question 11.
Why was an Election Commission set up?

Answer: An Election Conwnission was set up to take care of the practical matters of conducting elections across the length and breadth of the country

Question 12.
What was called the Congress System?

Answer: The Congress party formed the government in many of the states as well. This inaugurated what some observers called the Congress System

Question 13.
Write about the groupism in Congress?

Answer: The Congress always had within small groups. Though these groups originated on the basis of personal competition between leaders, they shared In the overall goals of the party but differed on some policy issues

Question 14.
What enabled Indian politics to develop a multiparty democracy?

Answer: It was the strength of the Constitutional framework and the democratic foundations laid by the freedom movement which enabled Indian politics to develop a multiparty democracy

Question 15.
Write a challenge of the new nation?

Answer: Among the first challenges the new nation faced was the demand for reorganisation of states on the basis of language

Question 16.
How was the country divided during the British rule?

Answer: During the British period, the country was divided into Presidences (Calcutta, Madras and Boaay) and a number of very large states like Central Provinces and Berar. A large part of the country was under princely states

Question 17.
What was the tear regarding the language reorganisation?

Answer: The partition of the country on the basis cl religion had created doubts and fears about the security and stability of India In the minds of the leadership. There was the fear that language reorganisation would lead to break up of the country

Question 18.
When were the A.P. and Tamil Nadu states created?

Answer: Poth Stirarnulu demanding the formation of a separate Telugu-speaking state died after 58 days of fasting in October 1952. Consequently, the states of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu were created

Question 19.
What was at the top of the agenda of modem India?

Answer: The Constituent Assembly had called for social, economic and political justice and equality of status and opportunity. ¡t put social and economic change at the top of the agenda of modem India

Question 20.
What were the two questions that divide a political opinion?

Answer: The two main questions that divided political opinion were: What place agriculture should have in the larger development strategy? 140w should resources be allocated between industry and agriculture

Question 21.
What did the planners feel?

Answer: The planners felt that for the country to develop It was essential to develop Industries so that more people can shill to towns to work in factories and in the service sector, Hence from the Second Five Year Plan onwards the emphasis shifted to industries

Question 22.
Who formulated Panchsheel and for what?

Answer: As for the immediate neighbours Nehru formulated the Panctisheel policy of non-interference in each others internal affairs

Question 23.
Who succeeded Sastri?

Answer: Indira Gandhi succeeded Sastn as Prime Minister after his untimely death in 1966

Question 24.
Name some assemblies In which the Congress defeated?

Answer: It was defeated ¡n assemblies like Bihar, U.P., Rajasthan, Punjab. West Bengal, Odisha, Madras and Kerala

Question 25.
Who was MGR?

Answer: He was a popular hero in Tamil Nadu

Question 26.
How were SVD governments?

Answer: Many of these SVD governments were short-lived. Their life was marked by defections and corruption. Power seemed to be the only thing that united them. These governments had nothing to showcase

Question 27.
What was the regional sentiment In A.P.?

Answer: In Andhra Pradesh, there was demand for the separation of Telangana. The movement was spearheaded by students of Osmania University. whose main grouse was that the benefits of development were going to only some sections of the state

Question 28.
What was Bangladesh?

Answer: It was East Pakistan

Question 29.
What was popular slogan in 1971 election?

Answer: The popular slogan in 1971 election was "Garibi Hatao"

Question 30.
What were the important legislations during the period of Indira Gandhi?

Answer:

1. Nationalisation of many private banks
2. Abolition of princely pensions

Question 31.
What happened In 1973?

Answer: In 1973, the Court came up with the landmark decision on the Basic Structure of the Constitution, which put a check on the governmental power to amend the Constitution

Question 32.
Why do you think the tribal languages were ¡gnored at the time of creation of the states In 1956?

Answer: The languages spoken by dominant or powerful populations were considered at that time, so the tribal language was ignored

Question 33.
What is the main aim of Panchsheel policy?

Answer:To establish foreign policy on the basis of Gandhian principles like peace and non-violence

2 Marks Questions

Question 1.
Read the following paragraph and interpret the changes taken place In social and economic fields in India. Land reforms were implemented in a half-hearted manner across India. While Zamindari system was abolished. redistribution of land to landless did not take place. The rich and powerful in the rural areas continued to control most of the land. The Dalits continued to be landless but benefited from the abolition of forced labour and abolition of untouchability?

Answer: The Constituent Assembly had called for social, economic and political justice and equality of status and opportunity as its agenda

1. For that the Planning Commission was set up within a month. The first Five Year Plan focussed on agriculture
2. The strategy favoured by Nehru and finally adopted included three components

• Landforms
• Agricultural co-operatives
• Local Self Government

1. Three types of land reforms were contemplated

• Abolition of Zamindari system
• Tenancy reforms and
• Land Ceilings

1. Local self-government would ensure that the land reforms were carried out and the cooperatives run according to the collective interests of the village
2. Dams were constructed and were useful to both the agriculture and industrial sector
3. The second Five Year Plan shifted emphasis to industries. As a result, the service Sector also would develop

Question 2.
How were the land reforms Implemented In India? How far did these reforms benefit the poeple?

Answer:

1. Land reforms were however implemented in a half-hearted manner across India
2. While Zamindari system was abolished, redistribution of land to the landless did not take place
3. The rich and powerful in the rural areas continued to control most of the land
4. The Dalits continued to be landless but benefited from the abolition of forced labour and abolition of untouchability

Question 3.
What are the results of the Green Revolution?

Answer: Results of Green Revolution

1. Increase in net sown area
2. Increase in double-cropped area
3. Progress in the irrigation sector
4. Increase in per-hectare yield level
5. Increase in the area under High Yielding Varieties
6. Increase In the use of fertilizers

Question 4.
Which qualities of Lal Bahadur Shastri do you like? Why?

Answer: After the death of Nehru in 1964, the Congress managed a successful transition with the choosing of Lal Bahadur Sastri as its leader in government, Sastri was immediately put to test with a series of issues which challenged the fundamental values and goals of the Indian nation. These included the Anti-Hindi agitation led by the DMK in the South, which threatened the goals of unity and integrity, the shortage of food which came in the way of social and economic transformation, besides a war with Pakistan in 1965

Question 5.
Draw outline map of India?

Answer:

Question 6.
Write about the States Reorganisation Act - 1956?

Answer: States Reorganization Act-1956

• The States Reorganization Committee was headed by Fazi Ah
• States are formed based on language
• 14 States and 6 Union Territories were created
• Tribal languages were not taken into account
• Languages spoken by dominant or powerful populations were considered

Question 7.
Write the reasons for improper implementation of land reforms even today?

Answer: Improper implementation of land reforms

1. Land reforms are half-heartedly implemented
2. Redistribution of land to the landless did not take plac
.
3. The rich and the powerful control most of the land
4. Land ceiling act is not being implemented

Question 8.
What were the challenges before the leadership?

Answer: The main challenges before the leadership were the need to maintain unity and integrity, bring about a social and economic transformation and to ensure the working of the democratic system. These challenges are interrelated and great care had to be taken to ensure that the system did not get imbalanced

Question 9.
Mention the social dimension time of the first general elections?

Answer: A Large section of the population did not know how to read and write. in some parts of the country, women were known by their fathers or husbands name. they did not have an independent identity. This has to change if women were to have equal rights and take the country towards greater social equality

Question 10.
How did the Election Commission overcome the problem of illiteracy?

Answer: To overcome the problem of illiteracy, the ELoctn Commission came up with a novel idea of having symbols from everyday life to represent political parties and candidates. This creative innovation dispensed with elaborate Instructions and required only visual identification. This basic idea continues even today. To make it even easier, In the first election each candidate had a separate ballot box with the symbol stuck outside; the voter only had to drop their ballot paper in the box of their preferred candidate

Question 11.
How were the first three general elections?

Answer: In Independent Indias first three general elections in 1952, 1957 and 1962 the Indian National Congress won reducing other participants to almost nothing. Jawaharlal Nehru became the first Prime Minister of India. None of the other parties individually got more than 11% of the votes polled

Question 12.
What was the result of groupism in Congress party?

Answer: The groups took different positions on various issues depending on the interests of the mentors. This made the Congress appear as if it was a party representing diverse interests and positions. At times, these groups also tied up with other political parties to pressurise the leadership. This also acted as an inbuilt corrective mechanism within the ruling party. Political competition in the one-party dominant system, therefore, took place within the Congress The opposition parties therefore only posed a latent and not a real threat

Question 13.
What was the planning for Nehru?

Answer: For Nehru planning was not only good economics but good politics as well. He hoped that planned development would dissolve the divisions of caste and religion, community and region as well as other disruptive and disintegrative tendencies and help India to emerge as a strong and modem nation

Question 14.
Write about the First Five Veer Plan?

Answer: The First Five Year Plan focussed on agriculture and stressed on the need for increased food production, development of transport and communications and the provision of social services, it also stressed the need to Industnalise India as quickly as possible. Given that food was a basic requirement, there was an overserious on increasing food production but there was no agreement on how this should be achieved

Question 15.
How were land reforms Implemented?

Answer: Land reforms were implemented In a halt-hearted manner across India. While Zamindari system was abolished, redistribution of land to the landless did not take place. The rich and powerful in the rural areas continued to control most of the land. The paths continued to be landless but benefitted from the abolition of forced labour and abolition of untouchability

Question 16.
Write about laws during the First five-year plan?

Answer: The First Five Year Plan focussed on improving agriculture by building large dams to irrigate and produce electricity, Dama benefitted both the agriculture and the industrial sector. Though there was an Increase In agricultural production, it was still not sufficient to meet the needs of the population

Question 17.
Explain the need of green revolution?

Answer: The existing strategy was not increasing food production, there was a shill to different strategy between the years 1964-67. This attempted to secure the cooperation the state governments as well as increase food production. In a way it also reflected the changes in economic policy after the death of Nehru and also the changes In economic thinking as well

Question 18.
Explain the reason for the given statement: The new governments are important markers?

Answer: The new governments are an Important marker In Indias political history because it was in a way the first democratic upsurge. It was for the first time the intermediate castes; the groups who had first benefitted from the land reforms and acquired some degree of economic standing gained political power. They were the dominant castes in their respective states and also had a significant numerical presence

Question 19.
What were the reactions of government before emergency?

Answer: The government reacted harshly with scenes of laws which violated civil rights in the name of maintaining order. The opposition also criticised the Prime Minister for personalising the government. Meanwhile, due to a decision of Allahabad High Court Indira Gandhi was unseated from bk Sabha for violating some of the provisions of the Representation of the Peoples Act in the 1971 elections however, she got a stay from the Supreme Court

Question 20.
What are the aims of the 42nd amendment?

Answer: It had the following aims

1. Excluding the courts on election disputes
2. Strengthening the central government vis-a-vis the state governments
3. Providing maximum protection from judicial challenges to social and economic transformation legislation
4. Making the judiciary subservient to parliament

Question 21.
In the west, franchise was extended in stages, first to propertied and only subsequently to other sections of society. But Independent India adopted Universal Adult Franchise et one go. Why was It so?

Answer:

1. The first general elections in Independent India were immensely significant for Indian democracy
2. It represented lndias determination to take the path of democracy
3. Earlier British provided franchise to propertied and educated as well as taxpayers only
4. But independent India wanted every adult to Indicate his choice
5. That is how democracy would be more meaningful
6. So. independent India adopted Universal Adult Franchise at one go

Question 22.
Why wore many of the Samyulcta Vldhayak Del governments short-lived?

Answer:

1. Many of the Samyukta Vidheyak Dal governments were short-lived
2. Their life was marked by defections and corruption
3. Power seems to be the only thing united them
4. These governments had nothing to Showcase
5. Even today, the regional or state parties are evaluated from this standpoint

Question 23.
"The 73rd constitutional amendment Is useful for local self-government". Explain reasons?

Answer:

1. 73rd constitutional amendment is definitely useful for local self-government
2. State governments decide on what functions are to be devolved to local self-governments
3. Women and Scheduled Caste and Tribes are provided with reservation of seats in local self-governments

Question 24.
"Too much centralisation of power makes that power totalitarian and takes it towards fascist Ideals", Analyse It?

Answer:

1. Too much centralisation of power makes that power totalitarian and takes It towards fascist ideals
2. After the record victory of 1971 elections, Indira Gandhi gained control over Congress Party and Parliament
3. Most people suffered inflation, raising prices of essential commodities, unemployment and scarcity of food, but when their grievances were not addressed they supported JP movement
4. To stop that movement she imposed emergency, which took Indian democracy back

Question 25.
Imagine and write the main reasons for the continuation of anti-Hindi movement in Tamil Nadu till today/

Answer:

1. DMK in Tamil Nadu believed the passage of Official Languages Act, 1963 was an attempt to foist Hindi on the rest of the country
2. They started a statewide campaign protesting the imposition of Hindi
3. They organised strikes, dharnas, burning effigies, Hindi books as well as pages of Constitution
4. Still there is same feeling in Tamil Nadu

Question 26.
Observe the given Pie diagram and discuss the 2014 General Elections?

Answer:

1. B.J.P. is the largest party with 282 seats
2. INC got only 44 seats
3. AIADMK got 37 seats
4. TDP got 16 seats
5. Others got 140 seats

4 Marks Questions

Question 1.
Read the following table and answer the following questions. Table showing the parliamentary seat sharing of various political parties?

Name of the Party	Year 1952	Year 1962,
1. Indian National Congress	364	361
2. Communist Party of India	18	29
3. Socialist Party	12	12
4. Kisan Mazdur Party	09	...
5. Peoples Democratic Front	07	...
6. Ganatantra Parishad	06	..
7. Others	38	37
8. Independents	37	20
9. Jana Sangh	..	18
10. Praja Socialist Party	..	12
11. DMK	..	07

Question (a) Which political parties got their majority in 1962 then In 1952?

Answer: Communist Party

Question (b) Which political parties had disappeared till 1962?

Answer:

1. Lana Sangh
2. Praja Socsalist Party
3. DMK

Question (c) Which political parties lost their seats in 1952 and in 1962?

Answer: 1962: Kisan Mazdur Party, Peoples Democratic Front, Ganatantra Panshad

Question (d) Which political parties lost their majority In 1962 than In 1952?

Answer: Others, Independents, Congress

Question 2.
Read the paragraph given below and interpret. India has been extremely successful in hooking together and maintaining its unity and integrity. India was seen a fit case for breakup given its extreme diversities and the fact that it has not done so. is a valuable lesson f0r many other countries?

Answer: India is a vast country with diversity. There are a good number of religious, castes. tribes and languages. It is a land with more than thousand languages. People speaking a particular language have a culture and they identify themselves as a separate entity. But National Integrity Mes on the fact of "one nation and one race". In India all communities people joined together and celebrate all festivals

India given Right to vote to all eligible citizens without discrimination. Even the highest post President of Irha is also elected from different communities. This shows India follows, unity and integrity. Equal importance is given to all people in all aspects

Question 3.
Read the given paragraph and write your opinion. The partition of the Country on the basis of religion had created doubts and fears about the security and stability of India m the demands of the leadership. There was a fear that language reorganisation would lead to break down of the country?

Answer: Opinion on Paragraph: The ven paragraph says that our country was divided on the basis of religion. So some doubts are created about the security and stability of India, Language reorganisation was another fear. Congress proposed to restructure the country on the lines of language

Everyone knows that India was divided and Pakistan was formed on the basis of religion. Bengal and Punjab were divided into East Bengal - West Bengal and East Punjab West Punjab. East Bengal became East Pakistan and West Panjab became West Pakistan

In 1 970s East Pakistan declared itself independence after the war. Then Bangladesh was formed. The two newly formed countries are of Muslim majority. Many leaders afraid about the security and stability of the country. In Pakistan and Bangladesh a few Hindus are there and in India there are Muslims

Now the position of Hindus in Pakistan arid Bangladesh Is worst. They have no minority status and rights, but in India minorities are given special attention under Article 29 and 30

Demand of language-based reorganisation was also a problem. At last the States Reorganisation Committee worked out and the States are formed based on the language. Though the States are formed based on language, nothing was weakened as expected but it helped India integrate. Based on the language someone is a Tamllian or Telanganite, he/she is an Indian. Such feeling is there in all the states. There is a criticism that tribal languages are ignored but they also live in the states safely

Besides religion, language is also a predominant issue. In erstwhile Andhra Pradesh, the language problem was there. Andhra language is Weater than Telangana was a feeling. In cinemas, books, cultural programmes and songs Telangana language was degraded and humiliated in many ways. It has become one of the reasons for Telangana separate state movement. Finally, separate Telangana was formed

In conclusion, I would say, whatever the religion or language is everyone Is a human being first, next he/she is an Indian. Religion is ones personality. One can follow the religion he/she likes. The feeling such as ones religion is greater than others, destroys and destructs the other. Gradually it degrades the country at international level. We hope and wish universal brotherhood. We got independence with lot of stress and strain. We should not spoil its spirit

Question 5.
Observe the following table and analyse It. Seat share of various political parties in 1952 and 1962?

Political Party	1952	1962
1. Indian National Congress	364	361
2. Communist Party of India	16	29
3. Independents	37	20
4. Socialist Party	12	06
5. Others	38	27

Answer: Table Analysis: From the given table we understand how the national parties gained seats in 1952 and 1962 general elections

1. Comparing 1952 & 1962, we come to know that INC lost three seats; Communist Party of India gained 13 more seats than previous election
2. Independent parties lost 17 seats
3. Socialist Party drowned to half of its previous seats
4. Others too lost 11 seats when compared to previous election

In my opinion, the other parties which contested were not able to win enough seats to challenge the Congress Party

Question 6.
Write about the movements of Telugu-speaking people?

Answer: The most vigorous of all the movements was that of the Telugu speakers which called upon the Congress to implement the old resolutions in favour of linguistic states. The Andhra Mahasabha had been active even during the Britsh rule and was attempting to bringing together the Telugu-speaking people in the Madras presidency

This movement continued even after independence. The methods used included petitions. representations, street marches and lasts. Given the Congresss opposition to this demand, the party did badly n the Telugu-speaking areas in the first elections. The seats went to parties who supported the linguistic movement

Question 7.
Write about the SRC and its work?

Answer: In August 1953. the States Reorganisation Commission (SRC) was appointed with Fazi Ali. K. M. Panikkar and Hridaynath Kunzru as members to address the issue of formation of states on the basis of the linguistic principle. On the basis of its report in 1956, the States Reorganisation Act was passed n parliament. This led to the creation of 14 states and six union territories. It should be noted that when the linguistic slates were being formed, the tribal languages like Gondi and Santhali or Oraon were not taken into accounts only languages like TarM or Telugu spoken by dominant or powerful populations were considered

Question 8.
Explain the strategy followed by Nehru?

Answer: For Nehru. agricultural transformation was not simply an economic issue, but a political social and economic transformation of the rural sector. The strategy favoured by Nehru and finally adopted included three components; land reforms, agricultural cooperatives and local self-government. Three types of land reforms were contemplated: abolition of Zamindari system, tenancy reforms and land ceilings

The primary aim of all these were to ensure that the land went to the hands of the actual tiller and this was to be an Incentive for them to produce more. Cooperatives were to bring economies of scale and also provide valuable inputs like seeds, manure fertilisers and so on Local self-government would ensure that the land reforms wore carried out and the cooperatives run according to the collective interests of the village

Question 9.
Write about the Non-Aligned movement?

Answer: When India became independent the Cold War had just begun and the world was being polarised into countries in the US or USSR camp. Jawaharlal Nehru followed a policy of not joining either camp and tried to maintain an equidistant and independent position in foreign policy

He also joined hands with several other countries that had become independent around the same time and wanted to follow a similar policy - Indonesia, Egypt, Yugoslavia, and so on. Together they built the Non-Aligned Movement

Question 10.
Appreciate Lal Bahadur Sestil?

Answer: After the death of Nehru in 1964, the Congress managed a successful transition with the choosing of Lal Bahadur Sastn as its leader in government. Sastn was immediately put to test with a series of issues which challenged the fundamental values and goals of the Indian nation

These included the Anti-Hindi agitation led by the DMK in the South, which threatened the goals of unity and integrity, the shortage of food which carried an the way of social and economic transformation, besides a war with Pakistan in 1965

Question 11.
Why were the Congress governments replaced by S.V.D. governments?

Answer: The Congress also lost an neighbouring Kerala as also in West Bengal and Odisha. These defeats and challenges also weakened the Congress Internally. In many states in the north, where it had won narrow victories, its members defected to opposition parties

Consequently, the Congress governments fell and they were replaced by Samyukta Vldhayak Dal (SVD) governments. These were basically a coalition of legislators against the Congress. made up Jan Sangh, Socialists, Swatantra, and Congress defectors, besides local parties

Question 12.
What were the demands of different states based on regional feelings?

Answer: In Assom, a new state called Meghalaya was created in December 1969 out of the tribal districts of Khasi, Jaintia and Garo hills. Punjab, despite being formed in 1966 did not have a capital of its own, During the period 1968-69. there were a series of demonstrations asking for Chandigarh which served as the common capital of Haryana and Punjab to be given to them

In Maharashtra, there was curious demand of Bombay for Maharashtrians Only. This was led by the Shiv Sena. The main target of this party was the South Indians who the party believed was cornering all the enmployment in the city.

Question 13.
Write about Indira Gandhi and emergency?

Answer: Indira Gandhi took up the challenge both from within her party as well those outside by taking a sharp left turn post the 1967 elections. She attempted to create a new social base of her own and for her party by identifying with the poor and downtrodden. This move was a double-edged weapon. Old promises of social and economic development were yet to be fulfilled and this was seen to be the major reason for the Congress defeat in 1967

Yet, Indira was making new promises. Less than a decade later, the lack of fulfilment of rising mass expectations created frustration and disheartenment and culminated with the imposition of Emergency

Question 14.
What were the conditions in the country before emergency?

Answer: Events beyond her control put Indira Gandhi in a spot and made it difficult for her to fulfil all her promises. Her term coincided with rather grave social and economic conditions. The 1973 Arab-Israeli war raised oil prices to an all-time high and put huge pressure on the government. Inflation and the rise in prices of essential items. scarcity of food and also unemployment began to have an ettect

There was a general unhappiness among large sections of the population. This gave the opposition a chance to get its act together. They began to tap into this discontent in different parts of the country. The opposition united under Jaya Prakash Narayan ran series of campaigns in different parts of the country against the Congress and especially Indira. This was the JP movement and It was very prominent in Bihar and Gujarat

Question 15.
Express your views regarding party domInance in political system - Would It be beneficent or detrimental to the Interests of people?

Answer:

1. Usually. when one party won majority seats reducing other participants to almost nothing, it was called one-party dominance in political system
2. In a multiparty democracy, it was not treated as a good sign
3. It may result in groupism in the same party, which provides gaining ground for other political entities
4. The leaders, at times, may take people to be granted and peoples voice is unheard
5. Ruling party may act In a partisan manner to silence the opposition arid prevent multiparty democracy from striking roots
6. They may misuse their officialdom in elections and even in day-to-day administration
7. The strength of constitutional framework and the democratic foundations laid in the country may prevent these things to happen

Question 16.
India was divided on the basis of religion and Indian states were divided on the linguistic basis were they Incidental or inevitable? Were they accepted In full faith by the leaders?

Answer:

1. The partition of the country on the basis of religion had created doubts and fears about the security and stability of India in the minds of leadership
2. There was the fear that language reorganisation would lead to breakup of the country
3. Both of them were inevitable
4. The creation of linguistic states was an example of how popular will triumphed and also showed how politics resolved a problem
5. Looking back today, linguistic reorganisation actually helped to consolidate India and did not necessarily weaken India as expected
6. Thus the fears allayed were proven to be wrong

Question 17.
Unity of the nation er the personal standpoint of Prime Minister - which should come first? Prove your point?

Answer:

1. The unity of the nation comes first over personal standpoint of Prime Minister
2. When state reorganization demands were in full swing Nehru was not ready for It
3. Though he was not against it, he believed that it was the consolidating time and we could reorganize at a later time
4. But he had accepted for reorganization keeping away his standpoint and looked the unity of the country
5. When Official Languages Act was made in 1963. there was widespread anti-Hindi agitation in the country
6. Prime Minister Sastry was a pro-Hindi-viewed person
7. But he kept away from his standpoint and kept the unity of India before, and made many considerations

Question 18.
Do you support or oppose the division ola country on the basis of religion?

Answer:

1. I oppose the division cl a country on the basis of religion
2. It creates hatred for other religions among the people.
3. Now everyone is thinking of world is a village
4. With such a universal view all religious people should intermingle and cooperate with each other
5. These divisions, at times, may lead to the formation of theocratic states
6. Most of the theocratic states deny people their human rights and personal liberties
7. They may propagate the tendency of religious wars
8. The external and internal affairs of these countries may not be in sound manner

Question 19.
Why were regional parties successful throughout the country?

Answer:

1. Strongly organised regional movements were formed as political parties
2. They were more popular with the population of the state
3. Most regional parties did exceptionally well in assembly elections
4. The local Issues, caste equations, communities so far denied political power play a vital role
5. Dominant castes in their respective states which had a numerical significance made the difference
6. There was always a regional sentiment and political awareness and articulation of demands

Question 20.
Give an estimate of credits and debits of first thirty years of independent India?

Answer:

1. If a balance sheet were to be drawn for first 30 years of independent India, there would be more credits than debits
2. The most important achievement of this period was the establishment of a stable democracy
3. Establishment of independent institutions like Judiciary. Election Commission. Controller and Auditor - General, etc
4. Being extremely successful in holding unity and integrity of the country intact
5. Setting up of Planning Commission arid working for the aim of balanced regional development
6. Weakness was giving low priority to primary education and health
7. Caste and gender discriminations were not fully controlled

Question 21.
Observe the following map and answer the questions given below?

Question (a) Which was the smallest area shown In the map?

Answer: Puducherry was the smallest area shown in the map

Question (b) Which small state was there in between Madras and Mysore states?

Answer: Coorge was Itie small state in between Madras and Mysore states

Question (c) Which was the southernmost state from the map?

Answer: Travancore - Cochin stale was the southernmost state

Question (d) Which was th. eastern state?

Answer: Andhra state was the eastern state

Question 22.
Read the following paragraph and interpret It. overcome the problem of illiteracy, the Election Commission came up with a novel idea of having symbols from everyday life to represent political parties and candidates. This creative innovation dispensed with elaborate instructions and required only visual identification?

Answer: The given paragraph says that when India went for First General Elections after getting independence, it used symbols to represent political parties and candidates. The visual identification made the illiterate voters to vote easy

The First General Elections were held in 1952 in India. Then our literacy rate was about 16%. Many of the voters are form rural backgrounds. Our Constitution provides Universal Ackdt Franchise, All the people of above 21 years were allowed to vote irrespective of caste, religion and gender

Indian form of govemment is Parliamentary democracy. In a democratic system adult franchise is the crucial one, Without voting right of all, we cant assume or imagine the democracy. The rural and illiterate people cannot identify the candidate or party who he/she desires to vote. To overcome this problem the Election Commission rigitly came up with the novel idea of having symbols on ballot paper

Nowadays, the literacy rate is increased. According to 2011 census, it is 74.04%. In election process instead of using the ballot papers and ballot boxes, the Electron4c Voting Machines are used. At the beginning, the illiterate voters couldnt vote property, but awareness came among them with the initiation of the Election Commission

With the activities of the Election Commission now voting percentage is increasing but still it has to be Improved. The wonder in our country Is that the urban people and literate people are not costing their vote. Many of them neglect. Some of them may be in election duty. They have provision to vote at their respective constituencies. Sorne families feel shy to come and stand in the queue

Now our responsibility is to bring more awareness among the people that one should not sell the vote. They should not allow malpractices like saving money. Ikuor, clothes, cricket kits etc. Voting is our right. It is a right which gives strength to democracy. If one takes money and costs vote, how can she ask the elected member about the needs of the village. Everyone should contribute to build pure democracy with Universal Adult Franchise

Question 23.
Read the following paragraph and Interpret. "The Congress party formed the government in many of the slates as well. This inaugurated what some observers called the Congress System. This period is identified specifically by the nature of the relationship between the almost always ruling Congress party and the other parties. However, the Congress always had smaller groups within it Though these groups originated on the basis of personal competition between leaders. shared in the overall goals of the party but differed on some policy issues?

Answer: The given paragraph is about the Congress party system. The nature of Congress party Is discussed. There are smaller groups within the Congress party. These groups originated not on the basis of philosophy or manifesto of Congress but just because of personal feelings of the leaders. They tried to develop the "country on the whole but they had differences on smarter issues

In democratic system, parties play a crucial role. Parties have to consider the voice of the meters as well as the people. Many parties ignore the cadre and activists. Caste, money, muscle power dominate in policy decisions. So some leaders may not adjust in the party. The same is applicable to Congress. Before Independence, the Congress worked to bring independence to the country

After 1947, Jawaharlal Nehru became the Prime Minister and continued for seventeen years. Then only one party dominance was there. Upto the Third General elections (1962) Congress won the elections reducing other parties to almost nothing. No party got more than 11% of the votes polled. According to the paragraph a new phrase was coined, i.e., congress system. Always there were smaller groups In the Congress party

Nowadays it is there in regional parties also. Before independence, the aim was to gain freedom but after independence power, ruling politics are started. Newly developing cadre, sons and daughters of established leaders started a competition. The aspiration of the readers Is to come into power but many a time it Is reserved with some elite people. Monitorial benefits is also an issue. Regional aspirations also played a crucial role

In my opinion, it is common in political parties but one thing I would say parties should work for the development of the nation but not Individual profits. In democratic decisions majority is the law. Then, whose opinion was not considered, should not be is appointed. For every disappointment, there is a way or solution. They should find it and follow for easy solution

Question 24.
Read the following paragraph and interpret it. The partition of the country on the basis of religion had created doubts and fears about the security and stability of India In the minds of the leaders, There was a fear that language reorganisation would lead to breakdown of the country. Hence, even though the Congress itself was organised on the linguistic lines and had promised to restructure the country on those lines, it developed cold feet when independence came."?

Answer: The ven paragraph says that our country was divided on the basis of religion. So some doubts are created about the security and stability of India. Language reorganisation was another fear. Congress promised to restructure the country on the lines of language. Everyone knows that India was divided and Pakistan was formed on the baes of religion. Bengal and Punjab were divided into East Bengal - West Bengal and East Punjab - West Punjab

East Bengal became East Pakistan and West Panjab become West Pakistan. In 1970s East Pakistan declared itself independence after the war. Then Bangladesh was formed. The two newly formed countries are of Muslim majority. Many leaders afraid about the security and stability of the country

In Pakistan and Bangladesh a few Hindus are there and ri India there are Muslims. Now the position of Hindus in Pakistan and Bangladesh is worst, They have no minority status and rights, but in India minorities are given special attention under Artide 29 and 30, Demand of language-based reorganisation was also a problem

At last the States Reorganisation Committee worked out and the States are formed based on the language. Though the States are formed based on language. nothing was weakened as expected but it helped India integrated. Based on the language someone is a Tamilian or Telangana. he/she is an Indian, Such feeling is there in all the states

There is a criticism that tribal languages are ignored but they also live in the states safely. Besides religion, language is also a predominant issue. In erstwhile Andhra Pradesh the language problem was there. Andhra language is greater than Telangana was a feeling

In cinemas, books, cultural programmes and songs Telangana language was degraded and humiliated in many ways. It has become one of the reasons for Telangana separate state movement Finally separate Telangana is formed

In conclusion, I would say, whatever the religion or language is everyone s a human being first, next he/she Is an Indian, Religion is ones personal. One can follow the region he/she likes. The feeling such as ones religion is greater than others, destroys and destructs the other. Gradually it degrades the country at international level. We hope arid wish universal brotherhood. We got independence with lot of stress and strain. We should not spoil its spirit

Question 25.
Read the following paragraph and interpret ¡t. "Land reforms were how ever implemented in a half-hearted Iner acroìiia. While Zamindari system was abolished, redistribution of land to the landless did not take place. The rich and powerful In the rural areas continued to control most of the land. The Dalits continued to be landless but benefitted from the abolition of forced labour and abolition of untouchability"?

Answer: According to the paragraph given, land reforms are not implemented in a right way. Land was not redistributed to the landless. Landlordism Is still continued. Many people of low castes continued to be the landless. Two positive things are there in the paragraph given, they are abolition of forced labour and untouchability was also abolished

Irrespective of caste, many Landlords enjoy with thousands of acres land in rural India. At the same time many of the poor have no land, Many of the villagers depend on other land and they work there for their livelihood. In independent India. Zarnindan system was abolished, it means the land excess is to be distributed to the landless. Acharya Vinoba Bhave of Nalgonda district started a movement with real intention

He contacted the landlords and convinced them to give some land to the landless. Thus he collected lakhs of acres of land and immediately he distributed to the poor. When land reforms came into implementation the landlords registered the land in the name of their family members. In West Bengal it is implemented to some extent

There was a practice of forced labour. Many of lhe landless were forced to work in the lands of landlords without wages. Sorne kind was given to them. That was also insufficient to them. Untouchability was also there. No other caste people touch the dalits. After independence these conditions were changed. According to Article 17 untouchability was abolished. Now there is no practice of untouchability and everyone is treated as equal. In schools, colleges, buses, hotels there is no caste discrimination. It is not hundred percent implemented, still a change is necessary in villages

In conclusion, I would say that the government should implement the land reforms with intention to bring some change in the lives of the poor irrespective caste. Not only Dalits, but poor people are also there in other castes. Some of the Dalits are already developed. Concentration should be there on the real poor and who are the needy

Question 26.
Locate the following In the given map of World?

Question1. Suez canal belongs to this country?

Answer: Egypt

Question 2.New Zealand?

Answer: