Print Culture and the Modern World

Print Culture and the Modern AP 10th Class Social History 5th Lesson Important Questions

AP 10th Class Social History 5th Lesson Important Questions: 8 Marks

Question 1.
Write briefly about print culture?

Answer:

• It is difficult for us to imagine a world without printed matter
• We find evidence of print everywhere around us in books, journals, newspapers, everyday things etc
• Print itself has a history which has shaped our contemporary world
• It has helped to create the modern world
• It has changed our social lives and cultures
• The earliest kind of print technology was developed in China.
• There was a system of hand printing
• From A.D. 594 onward books in China were printed by rubbing paper
• China was the major producer of printed material for a very long time China recruited its personnel through the Civil Service Examinations
• Textbooks for this examination were printed in vast numbers
• From the sixteenth century the number of examination candidates went up
• It increased the volume of print
• By the seventeenth century urban culture bloomed in China
• The uses of print diversified. It was no longer used by scholar officials
• Merchants used print to collect trade information. Publishers, writers and readership increased
• Many women began publishing their poetry and plays
• In the late nineteenth century western powers established their outposts in China
• Shanghai became the hub of the new print culture

Question 2.
Briefly describe the progress of print in Japan?

Answer:

• Buddhist missionaries from China introduced hand - printing technology into Japan around AD 768-770
• The oldest Japanese book printed in AD 868 is the Buddhist Diamond Sutra
• It contains six sheets of text and wooden illustrations
• Pictures were printed on textiles, playing cards and paper money
• In medieval Japan, many books on prose and poetry were published
• Printing visual material led to interesting publishing practices
• In the late eighteenth century, in the urban circles at Edo (Tokyo), there were many paintings
• The paintings illustrated urban culture with artists, courtesans and tea house gatherings
• Libraries and bookstores were full of hand material of various types
• There were books on women, cooking, famous places etc

Question 3.
Describe how print came to Europe?

Answer:

• Chinese paper reached Europe through the silk route
• Paper made possible the production of manuscripts carefully written by scribes
• China had the technology of woodblock printing
• Italians began producing books with woodblocks
• Soon the technology spread to other parts of Europe
• Book sellers employed more scribes to meet the demand
• There were more them fifty scribes for one booksellers
• Thus the booksellers made efforts to meet the demand for books
• The production of handwritten manuscripts could not satisfy the ever-increasing demand for books copying was expensive, laborious and it was a time - consuming work
• Manuscripts were fragile and awkward to handle
• They could not be carried or read easily
• Their circulation was limited with the growing demand for books woodblock printing became popular
• There was a great need for quicker and cheaper reproduction of texts
• The invention of the printing press by Johann Gutenberg in the 1430s answered the need

Question 4.
Write briefly about the attachment of Gutenberg to presses?

(OR) Write briefly about Gutenberg and the printing press.

Answer:

• Gutenberg was the son of a merchant. He grew up on a large agricultrual estate
• He knew wine and olive presses in his childhood
• He learnt .the art of polishing and became a master goldsmith
• He aquired the skill of making lead moulds
• He used his technology to design his innovation
• The olive press became a model for the printing press
• The moulds were used for casting the metal types for the letters of the alphabet
• By 1448 he perfected the system. The first book he printed was the Bible
• The new technology was based on the existing art of producing books by hand
• At first the printed books resembled the written manuscripts in appearance
• The metal letters imitated the ornamental hand written styles
• Borders were illuminated by hand and illustrations were painted
• In the books, printed for the rich space for decoration was kept blank on the printed page
• The purchaser chose the design for the illustrations
• About 180 copies of the Bible were printed in three years
• It was the fast production by the standards of that time
• The printing presses were set up in most countries of Europe during 1450 and 1550
• Prihters from Germahy travelled to other countries
• They helped start new presses
• The book production boomed with the growth of printing presses
• There were about 20 million copies of books in Europe markets by the second half of the 15th century
• They went up to about 200 million copies in the 16th century

Question 5.
Write briefly describing the new reading public?

Answer:

• A new reading public emerged with the printing press
• The labour to produce the books and the cost reduced
• Earlier reading was restricted to the elite
• The common people lived in a world of oral culture
• They heard the sacred texts read out, ballads recited and folk tales narrated
• Knowledge was transferred orally. People collectively heard a story or saw a performance
• The literacy rate in Europe was very flow
• Books could only be read by the literate common people could not read them
• The problem before the printers was how to reach the listening public and make books popular
• So they began publishing popular ballads illustrated with pictures
• Thus oral culture entered print to make books more popular
• The ballads and folk tales and such books were printed for the common people
• They were sung and recited at the gatherings in villages and in taverns in towns
• In this way printed material was orally transmitted
• Gradually oral and reading cultures did not remain separated
• The line that separated them slowly disappeared
• The hearing public and reading public became intermingled

Question 6.
Write briefly about the religious debates and the fear of print?

(or) What was the influence of Martin Luther on Europeans ?

Answer:

• Print helped wide circulation
• It opened up a new world of debate and discussion also
• Those who disagreed with the established authorities, began to print and circulate their ideas
• They persuaded people to think differently through the printed message
• the message made the people move to action
• The printed book was not welcomed by all
• Some had fears about it
• The printed information might have a negative effect on people s minds
• It was feared that if there was no control over print, rebellious and irreligious thoughts .might spread
• The authority of valuable literature would be destroyed
• This criticism of the new printed literature began to circulate
• Martin Luther was a religious reformer
• In 1517 he wrote Ninety Five Theses criticising most of the practices and rituals of the Roman Catholic Church
• They were read widely and led to a division in the Church
• Luthers translation of the New Testament was received well by the people
• It sold 5000 copies within a few weeks
• Its second edition appeared within three months
• Luther was deeply grateful to print. He said, "Printing is the ultimate gift of God and the greatest one
• Thus printing brought about a new intellectual atmosphere and helped spread the new ideas that led to the Reformation
• Menocchio was a miller in Italy
• He read books available in his locality
• He reinterpreted the message of the Bible
• He formulated a view of God and creation
• His views enraged the Roman Catholic Church
• Menocchio was executed for spreading heretical ideas, which were considered a threat to the right of the church
• As a result, the Roman Church imposed severe controls over publishers and booksellers
• It began to maintain an index of prohibited books from 1558

Question 7.
Write about the Reading Mania in Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries?

Answer:

• Literacy rates went up during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries in most parts of Europe
• Churches of different denominations set up schools in villages is to improve the literacy rate
• The increase/6f schools resulted in a reading mania
• As people Wanted to read, books were produced in large numbers by printers
• New forms of popular literature appeared in print, targeting new audiences
• Book sellers employed pedlars
• They roamed around villages carrying little books for sale
• In France there were Biliotheque Bleue the low priced small books printed on poor quality paper with cheap blue covers
• There were newspapers and journals with information about current affairs, entertainment, war and trade and new developments at various places
• Scientists and philosophers became more accessible to the common people
• Ancient and Medieval scientific texts were compiled and published
• Maps and scientific diagrams were widely printed
• Scientists like Isaac Newton began to publish their discoveries
• They influenced many scientifically minded readers
• The writings of the thinkers such as Thomas Paine, Voltaire and Jean Jacques Rousseau were printed and read widely
• Their ideas about science, reason and nationality were found in popular literature
• By the mid eighteenth century, the common conviction was that books were a means of spreading progress and enlightenment
• France declared. "The printing press is the most powerful engine of progress and public opinion, is the force that will sweep depotism away."
• Mercier was convinced of the power of print in bringing enlightenment and destroying the basis of despotism
• He proclaimed, "Tremble, therefore, tyrants of the world! Tremble before the virtual writer"!

Question 8.
What were the three types of arguments about print culture and the French Revolution ?

Answer:

• The writings of the Enlightenment thinkers provided a critical commentary on tradition, superstition and despotism
• They argued for the rule of reason but not cusfom
• They demanded that everything should be judged through the application of reason and rationality
• They attacked the authority of the church
• The writings of Voltaire and Rousseau made the people see the world through new eyes
• Their approach was

  Questioning, critical and rational

• Print created a new culture of dialogue and debate
• People became aware of the power of reason
• They recognised the need to

  Question the existing ideas and beliefs

• New ideas of social revolution came into being within the public culture
• All valpes, norms and institutions were reevaluated and discussed by the public
• The Vast literature mocked the royalty and criticised their morality by the 1780s
• It raised

  Questions about the existing social order

• The monarchy was absorbed in sensual pleasures
• The common people suffered many hardships
• As a result they developed hostile sentiments against the monarchy
• Print helped the spread of ideas
• People read the ideas of Voltaire and Rousseau
• They did not read only one kind of literature
• They were also exposed to monarchical and church propaganda
• They were not totally influenced by what they read or saw
• They accepted some ideas and rejected others
• They interpreted things in their own way
• Print did not entirely shape their minds
• It opened up the possibility of thinking differently

Question 9.
How did the nineteenth century bring in large number of new readers among children, women and workers ?

Answer:

• When primary education became compulsory from the late nineteenth century, children became an important category of readers.
• A childrens press was set up in France in 1857 and published new works and old tales also.
• The Grimm Brothers in Germany compiled folk tales gathered from peasants.
• Any thing, unsuitable to children or-appeared vulgar to the elites, was not published.
• Rural folk tales acquired a new form.
• Print not only recorded old tales but also changed them.
• Women became important readers as well as writers.
• Penny novels were available especially for women.
• Women became important readers when novals began to be written in the nineteenth century.
• Some of the best known novelists were women - Jane Austen, the Bronte sisters and George Eliot.
• The writings defined a new type of woman - a woman of will, strength of personality, determination and the power to think.
• In the nineteenth century, in England, lending libraries helped to educate white collar workers, artisans and lower middle class people
• Some self educated working class people wrote themselves as they found time for self improvement and self expression
• They wrote political tracts and autobiographies in large numbers
• There were a series of further innovations in printing technology by the late eighteenth century
• Richard M.Hoe of New York perfected power driven cylindrical press
• It could print 8000 sheets per hour
• It was highly useful for printing newspapers
• There were many developments in the methods of feeding paper and the quality of plates became better
• Automatic paper reels and photoelectric controls of the colour were introduced
• All these improvements changed to appearance of the printed texts
• Printers and publishers continuously developed new strategies of selling their product
• Serialised novels in periodicals gave birth to a particular way of writing novels
• Cheap Series called Shilling Series were sold
• The book jacket or the dust cover was an innovation of the twentieth century
• There was a Great Depression in the 1930s
• Publishers feared a decline in book purchases
• To sustain buying, they brought out cheap paperback editions

Question 10.
Write briefly about manuscript and print in India?

(or) Narrate the events that ted to the persecution of James Augustus Hickey.

Answer:

• India had a very rich old tradition of handwritten manuscripts
• Sanskrit, Arabic, Persian and various vernacular languages
• They were copied on palm leaves or handmade paper
• They were produced till the late nineteenth century, even after the introduction of print
• Manuscripts were expensive and fragile
• As the script was written in different styles, it could not be read easily
• Manuscripts were not widely used in everyday life
• Teachers dictated portions of the text from their memory
• Students wrote them down. Many Indians, thus became literate, without rading texts
• The printing press first came to Goa with Portuguesse missionaries in the mid sixteenth century
• By 1674 about 50 books were printed in the Konkani and Kanara languages
• The first Tamil book was printed in 1579 in Cochin by the Catholic priests
• They printed the first Malayalam book in 1713. By 1710, Dutch protestant missionaries printed 32 Tamil texts, many of them were the translations of the older1 works
• The English East India Company began to import presses from the late seventeenth century
• From 1780 James Augustus Hickey began to edit the Bengali Gazette, a private English enterprise
• It was a weekly magazine. He published advertisements related to the import and sale of slaves, gossip about the East India Companys senior officials in India
• The Governor-General Warren Hastings was enraged and persecuted Hickey
• Warren Hastings encouraged the publication of the officially sanctioned newsapers to counter the damage, to the image of the colonial government
• Indians began to publish Indian newspapers by the close of the eighteenth century
• The first Indian weekly was Bengal Gazette brought out by Gangadhar Bhattacharya
• He was close to Rommohun Roy

Question 11.
What is the role of print in Religious Reform and Public Debates ?

(OR) How did print connect communities in India ?

Answer:

• There were intense debates around religious issues from the early nineteenth century
• Different groups offered a variety of new interpretations of the beliefs of different religiohs
• Some criticised the existing practices and campaigned for reform; while some others countered the arguments of reformers
• The debates appeared in print
• The newspapers spread the new ideas
• They shaped the nature of the debate
• A wider public participated and new idea emerged through the clashes and opinions
• There were controversies between the reformers and the Hindu Orthodoxy over matters like widow immolation, monotheism, Brahmanical priesthood and idolatry
• As the debate developed, the newspapers circulated a variety of arguments
• The ideas were printed in the spoken language of the ordinary people
• The great reformer Rammohun Roy published the Sambad Kaumidi from 1821
• The Hindu Orthodoxy published the Samachar Candrika to oppose his opinions
• In North India the Ulma were deeply anxious about the collapse of Muslim dynasties
• The Muslims feared that the colonial rulers would encourage conversion and change Muslim personal laws
• They published the Persian and Urdu translations df the holy scriptures to counter it
• The Deoband seminary was founded in 1867
• It published thousand and thousands of fatwas
• They guided Muslim readers how to conduct themselves in their everyday lives
• They explained the meanings of the Islamic doctrines
• Muslim sects and seminaries gave different interpretations of faith to-counter the influence of their opponents
• Urdu print helped them conduct the battles in public
• Print encouraged the reading of the religious texts among the Hindus
• The Ramacharithamanas a sixteenth century text of Tulasi Das, was printed in Calcutta in T810
• Naval Kishore Press in Lucknow and Sri Venkateshwar Press in Bombay published many religious texts in Vernacualrs from the 1880s
• The books were printed in portable form
• They could be read by the faithful people at any place and time
• They could also be read out the large groups of illiterate men and women
• Print published conflicting opinions
• At the same time, it connected communities and people in different part of India.
• Religious texts reached a very wide circle of people
• They encouraged discussions, debates and controversies among different religions

Question 12.
Write briefly about new forms of publication?

Answer:

• Printing created an appetite for new kinds of reading
• People wanted their own lives, experiences, emotions and relationships reflected in what they read
• The novel which was developed in Europe catered to this need. It soon acquired Indian forms and styles
• It opened up new worlds of experience and gave a sense of diversity of human lives
• Other new literary forms also entered the world of reading lyrics, short stories, essays about social and political matters
• They reinforced the new emphasis on human lives and intimate feelings about political and social rules
• A new visual culture began taking shape by the end of the nineteenth century
• Painters like Raja Ravi Varma produced images for mass circulation cheap prints and calendars were easily available in the market
• Poor people bought them to decorate the walls of their homes and places of work
• They shaped popular ideas about tradition, politics, society and culture
• Caricatures and cartoons were published in journals and newspapers by the 1870s commenting on social and politics issues
• Some caricatures ridiculed the educated Indians fascination with western tastes and clothes
• There were imperial caricatures iampooning nationalists ; nationalist cartoons criticised the imperial rule

Question 13.
Write briefly about women and print?

Answer:

• Womens reading increased in middle class homes
• Their husbands and fathers encouraged them by sending them to schools
• Womens schools were set up in the mid nineteenth century
• Many journals carried the writings of women and explained why women should be educated
• They carried a syllabus with suitable reading matter for home based schooling
• All families were not liberal
• Conservative Hindus believed that a literate girl would be widowed
• Muslims feared that educted women would be corrupted by reading Urdu romances
• Some rebel women defied the prohibition
• In a conservative Muslim family in North India, a girl was asked to read only the Arabic Quran which she did not understand
• She secretly learnt to read and write in Urdu
• An ordox Hindu girl Rash Sundari Debi learnt to read in the secrecy of her kitchen
• She wrote her autobiography Amar Jiban, which was published in 1876
• Social reforms and novels created a great interest in womens lives and emotions
• From the 1860s bengali women began to write books
• Kailashbashini wrote books highlighting the miserable experiences of women
• In the 1880s the Maharashtra women Tarabai Shinde and Pandita Ramabai wrote with passionate anger about the miserable lives of the upper caste Hindu women, especially widows
• A women in a Tamil novel expressed the benefits of education to women
• Who were confined by social regulations
• She said. "For. various reasons, my world is small. More than half of my lifes happiness has came from books."
• Hindi printing began from the 1870s
• Most of it was devoted to the education of women
• Journals written for and edited by women, became very popular in the early twentieth century
• They discussed womens education, widowhood, widow remarriage and the national movement
• There were fashion lessons to women. Short stories and serialised novels gave entertainment to women
• Folk literature was widely printed in the Punjab from the early twentieth century
• Ram Chaddha published the fast selling Tstri Dharm Vichar to teach women how to be obedient wives
• The Khalsa Tract Society published cheap booklets with a similar message
• Many of them were in the form of dialogues, about the qualities of a good woman
• The Battala was an area in central Calcutta
• There were cheap popular books on religion, scriptures and scandalous literature
• The books were illustrated with woodcuts and coloured lithographs
 
• They were useful to women to read during their leisure time

Question 14.
Give a detailed account of print and the poor people?

Answer:

• Very cheap small books were available in Madras in the nineteenth century
• They were sold at crossroads to poor people travelling to markets to buy them
• There were libraries in cities, towns and prosperous villages
• They were set up from the early twentieth century expanding the access to books
• Many essays/were written on caste discrimination
• Jyotiba Phyrfe was a Maratha pioneer of low caste protest movements
• He wrote about the injustices of the caste system in his Gulamgiri (1871)
• B.R.Ambedkar in Maharashtra and E.V Ramaswami Naicker (Periyar) in Madras wrote powerfully on the caste system
• Loc
al protest movements and sects created many popular journals
• They criticised ancient scriptures and hoped for a new and just future
• Though workers did not have much education, they began to write books
• Kashibaba a mill worker, wrote and published Chhote Aur Bade Ka Sawal in 1938 presenting caste and class exploitation
• A Kanpur mill worker wrote under the name of Sudershan Chakr between 1935 and 1955
• He published the collection Sacchi Kavitayan
• The Bangalore cotton mill workers set up libraries by the 1930s
• The social reformers tried to restrict excessive drinking bring literacy and propagate the message of nationalism

Question 15.
Write a note on print and censorhip?

Answer:

• The East India Company was not much concerned with print censorship before 1798
• There was criticism against some company officers
• The company was worried about its effect on their trade in India
• The Calcutta Supreme Court passed certain regulations to control press freedom by the 1820s
• When there were petitions from the editors of newspapers, Governor - General Bentinck agreed to revise the press laws
• Macaulay a liberal colonial official, formulated new rules to restore the earlier freedom
• The attitude to the freedom of the press changed after the 1857 revolt
• The vernacular newspapers supported nationalism
• So the government decided to control them
• In 1878, the Vernacular Press Act was passed giVing rights to government
• When there was a seditious report the newspaper would be warned
• If the warning was ignored the press would be liable to be seized
• The printing machinery would be confiscated
• Despite warnings by the British Government, the number of nationalist papers in India grew
• They reported on the colonial misrule and encouraged the nationalist activities
• There were a cycle of persecution and protests
• Balgandhar Tilak wrote with great sympathy on the Punjab Revolutionaries in his newspaper Kesari
• Tilak was imprisoned in 1908 and there were protests all over India

AP 10th Class Social History 5th Lesson Important

Questions: 4 Marks

Question 1.
"It is difficult for us to imagine a world without printed matter." Explain?

Answer:

• It is difficult for us to imagine a world without printed matter
• We find evidence of print everywhere around us in books, journals, newspapers, everyday things etc
• Print itself has a history which has shaped our contemporary world
• It has helped to create the modern world
• It has changed our social lives and cultures

Question 2.
Write briefly about the earliest kind of print technology?

Answer:

• The earliest kind of print technology was developed in China
• There was a system of hand printing
• From

  Answer: D. 594 onwards books in China were printed by rubbing paper

• China was the major producer of printed material for a very long time
• China recruited its personnel through the civil service examinations
• Textbooks for this examination were printed in vast numbers
• From the sixteenth century the number of examination candidates went up
• It increased the volume of print

Question 3.
Write briefly about the progress of print in the seventeenth and the nineteenth centuries in China?

Answer:

• By the seventeenth century urban culture bloomed in China
• The uses of print diversified
• It was no longer used by scholar officials
• Merchants used print to collect trade information
• Publishers, writers and readership increased
• Many women began publishing their poetry and plays
• In the late nineteenth century western powers established their outposts in China
• Shanghai became the hub of the new print culture

Question 4.
What is the contribution of the Buddhist Missionaries in China to Printing technology ?

Answer:

• Buddhist missionaries from China introduced hand-printing technology into Japan around AD 768 - 770
• The oldest Japanese book printed in AD 868 is the Buddhist Diamond Sutra
• It contains six sheets of text and wooden illustrations.
• Pictures were printed on textiles, playing cards and paper money
• In medieval Japan, many books on prose and poetry were published

Question 5.
What was the impact of the printing of visual material ?

Answer:

• Printing of visual material led to interesting publishing practices
• In the late eighteenth century, in the urban circles at Edo(Tokyo), there were many paintings
• The paintings illustrated urban culture with artists, courtesans and tea house gatherings
• Libraries and bookstores were full of hand material of various types
• There were books on women, cooking, famous places etc

Question 6.
What was the role of book sellers in Europe ?

Answer:

• Chinese paper reached Europe through the silk route
• Paper made possible the production of manuscripts carefully written by scribes
• China had the technology of woodblock printing
• Italians began producing books with woodblocks
• Soon the technology spread to other parts of Europe
• Book sellers employed more scribes to meet the demand
• There were more than fifty scribes for one booksellers
• Thus "the book sellers made efforts to meet the demand for books

Question 7.
What were the disadvantages of handwritten manuscripts ? How was the problem solved ?

Answer:

• The production of handwritten manuscripts could not satisfy the ever - increasing demand for books
• It copying was expensive, laborious and it was a time-consuming work
• Manuscripts were fragile and awkward to handle
• They could not be carried or read easily
• Their circulation was limited with the growing demand for books
• Woodblock printing became popular
• There was a great need for quicker and cheaper reproduction of texts
• The invention of the printing press by Johann Gutenberg in the 1430s answered the need

Question 8.
Write briefly about Gutenberg.?

(OR) How did his childhood experience help Gutenberg to print a book ?

Answer:

• Gutenberg was the son of a merchant
• He grew up on a large agricultural estate
• He knew wine and olive presses in his childhood
• He learnt the art of polishing and became a master goldsmith
• He aquired the skill of making lead moulds
• He used his technology to design his innovation
• The olive press became a model for the printing press
• The moulds were used for casting the metal types for the letters of the alphabet
• By 1448 he perfected the system
• The first book he printed, was the Bible

Question 9.
What were the conditions of the early stage of printing books ?

Answer:

• The new technology was based on the existing art of producing books by hand
• At first the printed books resembled the written manuscripts in appearance
• The metal letters imitated the ornamental handwritten styles
• Borders were illuminated by hand and illustrations were painted
• In the books, printed for the rich, space for decoration was kept blank on the printed page
• The purchaser chose the design for the illustrations
• About 180 copies of the Bible were printed in three years
• It was the fast production by the standards of that time

Question 10.
What was the development of the printing presses and books in the 15th and 16th centuries ?

Answer:

• The printing presses were set up in most countries of Europe during 1450 and 1550
• Printers from Germany travelled to other countries
• They helped start new presses
• The book production boomed with the growth of printing presses
• There were about 20 million copies of books in Europe markets by the second half of the 15 th century
• They went up to about 200 million copies in the 16th century

Question 11.
Write briefly about the new reading public?

Answer:

• new reading public emerged with the printing press
• The labour to produce the books and the cost reduced
• Earlier reading was restricted to the elite
• The common people lived in a world of oral culture
• They heard the sacred texts read out ballads recited and folk tales narrated
• Knowledge was transferred orally. People collectively heard a story or saw a performance

Question 12.
How could publishes persuade the common people to welcome the printed book ?

Answer:

• The literacy rate in Europe was very slow
• Books could only be read by the literate
• Common people could not read them
• The problem before the printers was how to reach the listening public and make books popular
• So they began publishing popular ballads illustrated with pictures
• Thus, oral culture entered print to make books more popular

Question 13.
Write briefly about oral and Reading cultures?

Answer:

• The ballads and folk tales and such books were printed for the common people
• They were sung and recited at the gatherings in villages and in taverns in towns
• In this way printed material was orally transmitted
• Gradually oral and reading cultures did not remain separated
• The line that separated them slowly disappeared
• The hearing public and reading public became intermingled

Question 14.
What did print create and introduce ?

Answer:

• Print helped wide circulation
• It opened up a new world of debate and discussion also
• Those who disagreed with the established authorities, began to print and circulate their ideas
• They persuaded people to think differently through the printed message
• The message made the people move to action

Question 15.
What were the fears about print ?

Answer:

• The Printed book was not welcomed by all
• Some had fears about it
• The printed information might have a negative effect on peoples minds
• It was feared that if there was no control over print, rebellious and irreligious thoughts might spread
• The authority of valuable literature would be destroyed
• This criticism of the new printed literature began to circulate

Question 16.
What was the importance of Religion in the early modern Europe ?

(OR) What was the impact of Martin Luthers writings ?

Answer:

• Martin Luther was a religious reformer
• In 1517, he wrote Ninety Five Theses
• It criticising most of the practices and rituals of the Roman Catholic Church
• They were read widely and led to a division in the church
• Luthers translation of the New Testament was received well by the people
• It sold 5000 copies within a few weeks
• Its second edition appeared within three months
• Luther was deeply grateful to print
• He said, "Printing is the ultimate gift of God and the greatest one
• Thus, printing brought about a new intellectual atmosphere and helped spread the new ideas that led to the Reformation

Question 17.
Write briefly about Print and Dissent (or) Write a note on Menocchio. (or) Why did the Roman Church impose severe controls over publishers and book sellers ?

Answer:

• Menocchio was a miller in Italy
• He read books available in his locality
• He reinterpreted the message of the Bible
• He formulated a view of God and creation
• His views enraged the Roman Catholic Church
• Menocchio was executed for spreading heretical ideas, which were considered a threat to the right of the church
• As a result, the Roman Church imposed severe controls over publishers and booksellers
• It began to maintain an index of prohibited Books from 1558

Question 18.
What was the reason for the Reading Mania ?

(OR) What was the effect of the growth of literacy rates in Europe during the seventeenth and Eighteenth centuries ?

Answer:

• Literacy rates went up during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries in most parts of Europe churches of different denominations set up schools in villages to improve the literacy rate
• The increase of schools resulted in a reading mania
• As people wanted to read, books were produced in large numbers by printers

Question 19.
What was the effect of the new forms of popular literature ?

(OR) What was the role of the periodical press in giving information ?

Answer:

• New forms of popular literature appeared in print, targeting new audiences
• Book sellers employed pedlars
• They roamed around villages carrying little books for sale
• In France there were Biliotheque Bleue the low priced small books printed on popr quality paper with cheap blue covers
• There were newspapers and journals with information about current affairs, entertainment, war and trade and new developments at various places

Question 20.
How did scientists, philosophers and thinkers promote writing ?

Answer:

• Scientists and philosophers became more accessible to the common people
• Ancient and Medieval scientific texts were compiled and published
• Maps and scientific diagrams were widely printed
• Scientists like Isaac Newton began to publish their discoveries
• They influenced many scientifically minded readers
• The writings of the thinkers such as Thomas Paine, Voltaire and Jean Jacques Rousseau were printed and read widely
• Their ideas about science, reason and nationality were found in popular literature

Question 21.
What was the common conviction about books by the mid eighteenth century ?

(or) What was the power of print ?

Answer:

• By the mid eighteenth century, the common conviction was that books were a means of spreading progress and enlightenment
• France declared, "The printing press is the most powerful engine of progress"
• The public opinion, is the force that will sweep depotism away
• Mercier was convinced of the power of print in bringing enlightenment and destroying the basis of despotism
• He proclaimed, "Tremble, therefore tyrants of the world! Tremble before the virtual writer!"

Question 22.
How did print popularise the ideas of the Enlightenment thinkers ?

Answer:

• The writings of the Enlightenment thinkers provided a critical commentary on tradition, superstition and despotism
• They argued for the rule of reason but not custom
• They demanded that everything should be judged through the application of reason and rationality
• They attacked the authority of the church
• The writings of Voltaire and Rousseau made the people see the world through new eyes
• Their approach was

  Questioning, critical and rationed

Question 23.
How did print create a new culture of dialogue and debate ?

Answer:

• Print created a new culture of dialogue and debate
• People became aware of the power of reason
• They recognised the need to

  Question the existing ideas and beliefs

• New ideas of social revolution came into being within the public culture
• All values, norms arid institutions were reevaluated and discussed by the public

Question 24.
What was the impact of the out pouring literature by 1780 ?

(Or) How did literature create hostile sentiments against the monarchy ?

Answer:

• The vast literature mocked the royalty and criticised their morality by the 1780s
• It raised

  Questions about the existing social order

• The monarchy was absorbed in sensual pleasures
• The common people suffered many hardships
• As a result they developed hostile sentiments against the monarchy

Question 25.
What were the reactions of people to print ?

(or) Print did open up the possibilities of thinking differently - Explain.

Answer:

• Print helped the spread of ideas
• People read the ideas of Voltaire and Rousseau
• They did not read only one kind of literature
• They were also exposed to monarchical and church propaganda
• They were not totally influenced by what they read or saw
• They accepted some ideas and rejected others.
• They interpreted things in their own way
• Profit did not entirely shape their minds
• It opened up the possibility of thinking differently

Question 26.
Describe how children became an important category of readers. How did print suit them ?

Answer:

• When primary education became compulsory from the late nineteenth century, children became an important category of readers
• A childrens press was set up in France in 1857 and published new works and old tales also
• The Grimm Brothers in Germany compiled folk tales gathered from peasants
• Any thing unsuitable to children or appeared vulgar to the elites, was not published
• Rural folk tales acquired a new form. Print not only recorded old tales but also changed them

Question 27.
What is the role of women as readers and writers ?

Answer:

• Women became important readers as well as writers
• Penny novels were available especially for women
• Women became important readers when novels began to be written in the nineteenth century
• Some of the best known novelists were women - Jane Austen, the Bronte sisters and George Eliot
• The writings defined a new type of woman - a woman of will, strength of personality determination and the power to think

Question 28.
What was the role of lending libraries in the nineteenth century England ?

Answer:

• In the nineteenth century, in England, lending libraries helped to educate white collar workers, artisans and lower middle class people
• Some self educated working class people wrote themselves as they found time for self improvement and self expression
• They wrote political tracts and autobiographies in large numbers

Question 29.
What was the result of further innovations in printing technology ?

Answer:

• There were a series of further innovations in printing technology by the late eighteenth- century
• Richard M.Hoe of Newyork perfected power driven cylindrical press
• It could print 8000 sheets per hour. It was highly useful for printing newspapers
• There were many developments in the methods of feeding paper and the quality of plates became better
• Automatic paper reels and photoelectric controls of the colour were introduced all these improvements changed the appearance of the printed texts

Question 30.
What were the new strategies developed by printers and publishers to sell their product ?

Answer:

• Printers and publishers continuously developed new strategies of selling their product serialised novels in periodicals gave birth to a particular way of writing novels
• Cheap series called shilling series were sold
• The book jacket or the dust cover was an innovation of the twentieth century
• There was a Great Depression in the 1930s
• Publishers feared a decline in book purchases
• To sustain buying, they brought out cheap paperback editions

Question 31.
Write breifly about the manuscripts in India?

Answer:

• India had a very rich old tradition of handwritten manuscripts in Sanskrit, Arabic, Persian and various vernacular languages
• They were copied on palm leaves or handmade paper
• They were produced till the late nineteenth century, even after the introduction of print
• Manuscripts were expensive and fragile
• As the script was written in different styles, it could not be read easily
• Manuscripts were not widely used in everyday life
• Teachers dictated portions of the text from their memory students wrote them down
• Many Indians, thus became literate, without reading texts

Question 32.
Briefly describe how print came to India?

Answer:

• The printing press first came to Goa with Portuguese missionaries in the mid sixteenth century
• By 1674 about 50 books were printed in the Konkani and Kanara languages
• The first Tamil book was printed in 1579 in Cochin by the Catholic priests
• They printed the frist Malayalam book in 1713
• By 1710, Dutch Protestant missionaries printed 32 Tamil texts, many of them were the translations of the older works
• The English East India Company began to import presses from the late seventeenth century

Question 33.
Write briefly about the "Bengal Gazette and James Augustus Hickey?

(OR) What were the circumstances that led to the publication of Indian newspapers ?

Answer:

• From 1780 James Augustus Hickey began to edit the Bengal Gazette, a private English enterprise
• It was a weekly magazine. He published advertisements related to the import and sale of slaves, gossip about the East India Companys senior officials in India
• The Governor-General Warren Hastings was enraged and persecuted Hickey
• Warren Hastings encouraged the publication of the officially sanctioned newspapers to counter the damage, to the image of the colonial government
• Indians began to publish Indian newspapers by the close of the eighteenth century
• The first Indian weekly was Bengal Gazette brought out by Gangadhar Bhattacharya
• He was close to Rammohun Roy

Question 34.
Write briefly about debates around religious issues ?

Answer:

• There were intense debates around religious issues form the early nineteenth century
• Different groups offered a variety of new interpretations of the beliefs of different religions
• Some criticised the existing practices and campaigned for reform; while some others countered the arguments of reformers
• The debates appeared in print
• The newspapers spread the new ideas
• They shaped the nature of the debate
• A wider public participated and new ideas emerged through the clashes and opinions

Question 35.
What were the controversies between social and religions reformers in India ?

Answer:

• There were.controversies between the reformers and the Hindu Orthodoxy over matters likfe widow immolation, monotheism, Brahminical priesthood and idolatry
• As the debate developed, the newspapers circulated a variety of arguments
• The ideas were printed in the spoken language of the ordinary people
• The great reformer Rammohun Roy published the Sambad Kaumidi from 1821
• The Hindu Orthodoxy published the Samachar Chandrika to oppose his opinions

Question 36.
What were the activities of Muslims in North India ?

Answer:

• In North India the ulrna were deeply anxious about the collapse of Muslim dynasties
• The Muslims feared that the colonial rulers would encourage conversion and change Muslim personal laws
• They published the Persian and Urdu translations of the holy scriptures to counter it
• The Deoband Seminary was founded in 1867
• It published thousands and thousands of fatwas
• They guided Muslim readers how to conduct themselves in their everyday lives
• They explained the meanings of the Islamic doctrines
• Muslim sects and seminaries gave different interpretations of faith to counter the influence of their opponents
• Urdu print helped them conduct the battles in public

Question 37.
What were the activities of the Hindus to encourage reading of the religious texts ?

Answer:

• Print encouraged the reading of the religious texts among the Hindus
• "The Ramacharithamanas" a sixteenth century text of Tulasi Das, was printed in Calcutta in 1810
• Naval Kishore Press in Lucknow and Sri Venkateshwar Press in Bombay published many religious texts in vernaculars from the 1880s
• The books were printed in portable form
• They could be read by the faithful people at any place and time
• They could also be read out to large groups of illiterate men and women

Question 38.
How did print help different communities and religions in India ?

Answer:

• Print published conflicting opinions
• At the same time, it connected communities and people in different parts of India
• Religious texts reached a very wide circle of people
• They encouraged discussions, debates and controversies among different religions

Question 39.
What were the literary forms that entered the world of reading?

(Or) Write briefly about the literary form novel.

Answer:

• Printing created an appetite for new kinds of reading.
• People wanted their own lives, experiences, emotions and relationships reflected in what they read
• The novel which was developed in Europe catered to this need
• It soon acquired Indian forms and styles
• It opened up new worlds of experience and gave a sense of diversity of human lives
• Other new literary forms also entered the world of reading lyrics, short stories, essays about social and political matters
• They reinforced the new emphasis on human lives and intimate feelings about political and social rules

Question 40.
Write briefly about visual culture?

Answer:

• A new visual culture began taking shape by the end of the nineteenth century
• Painters like Raja Ravi Varma produced images for mass circulation cheap prints and calendars were easily available in the market
• Poor people bought them to decorate the walls of their homes and places of work
• They shaped popular ideas about tradition, politics, society and culture

Question 41.
Write a note on caricatures and cartoons?

Answer:

• Caricatures and cartoons were published in journals and newspapers by the 1870s commenting on social and political issues
• Some caricatures ridiculed the educated Indians fascination with western tastes and clothes
• There were imperial caricatures lampooning nationalists; nationalist cartoons criticised the imperial rule

Question 42.
Write briefly about womens reading?

Answer:

• Womens reading increased in middle class homes
• Their husbands and fathers encouraged them by sending them to schools
• Womens schools were set up in the mid nineteenth century
• Many journals carried the writings of women and explained why women should be educated
• They carried a syllabus with suitable reading matter for home based schooling

Question 43.
What was the belief of the conservative Hindus and fear of Muslims about women education ?

Answer:

• AH families were not liberal Conservative Hindus believed that a literate girl would be widowed
• Muslims feared that educated women would be corrupted by reading Urdu romances
• Some rebel women defied the prohibition
• In a conservative Muslim family in North India, a girl was asked to read only the Arabic Quran which she did not understand
• She secretly learnt to read and write in Urdu
• An ordox Hindu girl Rash Sundari Debi learnt to read in the secrecy of her kitchen
• She wrote her autobiography Amar Jiban, which was published in 1876

Question 44.
Write briefly about the effect of social reforms and novels on Women?

Answer:

• Social reforms and novels created a great interest in womens lives and emotions
• From the 1860s Bengali women began to write books
• Kailash Bashini wrote books highlighting the miserable experiences of women
• In the 1880s the Maharashtra women Tarabai Shinde and Pandita Ramabai wrote with passionate anger about the miserable lives of the upper caste Hindu women, especially widows
• A woman in a Tamil novel expressed the benefits of education to women who were confined by social regulations
• She said, "For various reasons, my world is small... More than half of my lifes happiness has come from books."

Question 45.
Write briefly about Hindi printing?

Answer:

• Hindi printing began from the 1870s
• Most of it was devoted to the education of women
• Journals written for and edited by women became very popular in the early twentieth century
• They discussed womens education, widowhood, widow remarriage and the national movement
• There were fashion lessons to women. Short stories and serialised novels gave entertainment to women

Question 46.
Write briefly about Punjabi literature?

Answer:

• Folk literature was widely printed in the Punjab from the early twentieth century
• Ram Chaddha published the fast selling Istri Dharm Vichar to teach women how to be obedient wives
• The Khalsa Tract Society published cheap booklets with a similar message
• Many of them were in the form of dialogues, about the qualities of a good woman

Question 47.
Write briefly about Bengal literature?

Answer:

• The Battala was an area in central Calcutta
• There were cheap popular books on religion, scriptures and scandalous literature
• The books were illustrated with woodcuts and coloured lithographs
• They were useful to women to read during their leisure time

Question 48.
Write briefly about print and people?

Answer:

• Very cheap small books were available in Madras in the nineteenth century
• They were sold at crossroads to poor people travelling to markets to buy them
• There were libraries in cities, towns and prosperous villages
• They were set up from the early twentieth century expanding the access to books

Question 49.
What were the writing on caste discrimination ?

Answer:

• Many essays were written on caste discrimination
• Jyotiba Phule was Maratha pioneer of low caste protest movements
• He wrote about the injustice of the caste system in his Gulam Giri (1871)
• B.R.Amb4dkar in Maharashtra and E.V. Ramaswami Naicker (Periyar) in Madras wrote powerfully on the caste system
• Local protest movements and sects created many popular journals
• They criticised ancient scriptures and hoped for a new and just future

Question 50.
What was the contribution of workers to literature ?

Answer:

• Though workers did not have much education, they began to write books
• Kashibaba a mill worker, wrote and published Chhote Aur Bade Ka Sawal in 1938 presenting caste and class exploitation
• A Kanpur mill worker wrote under the name of Sudershan Chakr between 1935 and 1955
• He published the collection Sacchi Kavitayan
• The Bangalore cotton mill workers set up libraries by the 1930s
• The social reformers tried to restrict excessive drinking bring literacy and propagate the message of nationalism

Question 51.
What were the conditions of print before 1798 ?

Answer:

• The East India Company was not much concerned with print censorship before 1798
• There was criticism against some company officers
• The company was worried about its effect on their trade in India

Question 52.
What was the condition of the freedom of the press by the 1820s ?

Answer:

• The Calcutta Supreme Court passed certain regulations to control press freedom by the 1820s
• When there were petitions from the editors of newspapers, Governor - General Bentinck agreed to revise the press laws
• Macaulay a liberal colonial official, formulated new rules to restore the earlier freedom

Question 53.
What was the condition of Freedom of the Press after 1857 ?

Answer:

• The attitude to the freedom of the press changed after the 1857 revolt
• The vernacular newspapers supported nationalism
• So the government decided to control them
• In 1878, the Vernacular Press Act was passed giving rights to government
• When there was a seditious report the newspaper would be warned
• If the warning was ignored the press would be liable to be seized
• The printing machinery would be confiscated

Question 54.
Write a note on the nationalist newspapers?

Answer:

• Despite warnings by the British Government, the number of nationalist papers in India grew
• They reported on the colonial misrule and encouraged the nationalist activities
• There were a cycle of persecution and protests
• Balgangtfdhar Tilak wrote with great sympathy on the Punjab Revolutionaries in his newspaper Kesari
• Tilak was imprisoned in 1908 and there were protests all over India

Question 55.
What did Erasmus say about Fear of the book ?

Answer:

• Erasmus was a Latin scholar and a catholic reformer
• He kept his distance from Luther. He expressed a deep anxiety about printing
• There are a number of new books
• One book here and there contributes something worth knowing
• The large number of books is harmful to scholarship
• Satiety is most harmful even in good things
• The world is filled with stupid, ignorant, slanderous, scandalous, raving, irreligious and seditious books
• The number is such that even the valuable publications lose their value

Question 56.
How did Mercier describe the impact of the printed world ?

Answer:

• Mercier expressed his views on the printed world and the power of reading
• The person who saw him would compare him to a man dying of thirst, gulping some pure fresh water
• He began reading lightning his lamp with extraordinary caution
• He read books continuously; could not hear the sound of the clock
• His lamp ran out of oil and finally produced a pale light
• He was immersed in reading ; did not have time to raise the wick for fear of interrupting his pleasure
• Thus, the new ideas of the books rushed into his brain and his intelligence adopted them

Question 57.
What was there in the notice of William Bolts ?

Answer:

• William Bolts affixed a notice on a public building in Calcutta in 1768
• It was addressed to the public
• He followed the method because the want of a printing press in the city was of a great disadvantage
• He offered encouragement to the persons who were versed in the business of printing
• Soon after Bolts left for England and nothing came of the promise

Question 58.
Why news papers ? Krishnaji Trimbuck Ranade What was the idea of Ranade ?

Answer:

• Krishnaji Triumbuck Ranade was an inhabitant of Poona
• He intended to publish a newspaper in the Marathi language to give useful information on every topic of local interest
• It would be open for free discussion on all useful topics
• He requested for the support of all interested in the diffusion of knowledge and welfare of the people
• Bombay Telegraph and courier, 6 January, 1849
• The task of the native newspapers and politicians is identical to the role of the opposition in the House of commons in parliament in England
• That is of critically examining government policy to suggest improvements, by removing those parts that will not be to the benefit of the people and also by ensuring speedy implementation.
• These associations ought to carefully study the particular issues, gather diverse relevant information on the nation as well as on what are possible and desirable improvements and this will surely earn it considerable influence
• Native opinion, 3 April 1870

Question 59.
What did Begum Rokeya Sakhawat Hossein say ?

Answer:

• Begum Rokeya Sakhawat Hossein was a noted educationist and literary figure
• She strongly condemned men for withholding education from women in the name of religion.
• She addressed the Bengal womens Education Conference in 1926
• She said, "The opponents of female education say that women will become unruly.. Fie!
• They call themselves Muslims and yet go against the basic tenet of Islam which gives women an equal right to education
• If men are not led astray once educated, why should women ?"

Question 60.
What did Gandhi say about the three powerful vehicles ?

Answer:

1. Gandhi said in 1922, "Liberty of speech Liberty of the press freedom of association
2. The Government of India is now seeking to crush the three powrful vehicles of expressing and cultivating public opinion
3. The fight for Swaraj for Khilafat means a fight for this threatened freedom before all else

Question 61.
Write briefly about Kitagawa Utamaro?

Answer:

• Kitagawa Utamaro was born in Edo in 1753. He was widely known for his contributions to an art form called Ukiyo (pictures of the floating world.)
• They depicted urban, ordinary human experiences
• The prints travelled to the U.S and Europe
• They influenced the artists like Manet, Monet and Van Gogh
• Publishers like Tsutaya Juzaburo identified subjects and commissioned artists
• The artists drew the theme in outline
• Then a skilled woodblack carver pasted the drawing on a woodblock
• He carved a printing block to reproduce the painters lines
• In the process, the original drawing would be destroyed only the prints would survive

Question 62.
What did the London publisher write in his diary ?

Answer:

• James Lackington was a London publisher
• He wrote the following in his diary in 1791. It was about the sale of books
• "The sale of books in general has increased prodigiously within the last twenty years
• The poorer sort of farmers and even the poor country people in general, who before that period, spent their winter evenings in relating stories of witches, ghosts, hobogoblins now shorten the winter night by hearing their sons and daughters read them tales romances, etc
• If John goes to town with a load of hay, he is charged to be sure not to forget to bring home Peregrine Pickles Adventure.. and when Dolly is sent to sell her eggs, she is commissioned to purchase The History of Joseph Andrews."

Question 63.
What did Thomas wood narrate ?

Answer:

• Thomas wood was a Yorkshire mechanic
• He narrated his activity. He would rent old newspapers and read them by firelight in the evenings
• The poor people- narrated their sad struggles against grim obstacles in their autobiographies
• Maxim Gurky was a Russian revolutionary author of the twentieth century
• His books My Childhood and My University gave glimpses of such struggles

Question 64.
What were the problems faced by the government to get editors ?

Answer:

• Sometimes the government found it difficult to get editors for loyalist papers
• Sanders was approached for the past
• He asked rudely how much he would be paid for suffering the loss of freedom
• The Friend of India refused a government subsidy
• He feared that it would force him to be obedient to government commands

Question 65.
Write a note on the attitude of the government to regulate print?

Answer:

• The power of print would do harm
• So the government tried to regulate and suppress print
• The colonial government watched the books and newspapers carefully
• It passed laws to control the press
• The government ordered to furnish securities of 22 news papers during the First World War
• 18 newspapers did not like to follow the orders of the government
• So they closed them
• The Sedition Committee Report under Rowlatt in 1919 further strengthened controls
• Penalties were imposed on various newspapers
• The Defence of India Act was passed when the Second World War brokeout
• It allowed censors of war related topics
• The reports about the Quit India Movement came under its purview
• About ninety papers were suppressed in August 1942

AP 10th Class Social History 5th Lesson Important Questions: 2 Marks

Question 1.
What was the print revolution ?

Answer:

1. Print revolution was a new way of producing books
2. It-transformed the lives of people and changed their relationship to information and knowledge

Question 2.
When would the authority of valuable literature be destroyed ?

Answer:

1. If there was no control over what was printed and read, rebellious and irreligious thoughts might spread
2. If that happened, the authority of valuable literature be destroyed

AP 10th Class Social History 5th Lesson Important Questions: 1 Mark

Question 1.
Where do we find evidence of print?

Answer: Everywhere around us

Question 2.
What do we take for granted ?

Answer: We take for granted this world of print and often forget that there was a time before print

Question 3.
When were books in China printed ?

Answer: From

Answer: D.594 onwards

Question 4.
What was traditional Chinese book ?

Answer: Accordion book

Question 5.
How did silk and spieces flow from China into Europe ?

Answer: For centuries, in the past, silk and spices flowed from China into Europe through the silk route

Question 6.
When did Marco Polo return to Italy ?

Answer: Marco Polo returned to Italy in 1295

Question 7.
What is Vellum ?

Answer: Vellum is a parchment made from the skin of animals

Question 8.
Who employed scribes or skilled handwriters ?

Answer: The scribes or skilled handwriters were employed by wealthy or influential patrons and booksellers

Question 9.
Who developed the first-known printing press ?

Answer: Johann Gutenberg developed the first-known printing press

Question 10.
Who has Gutenberg ?

Answer: Gutenberg was the son of a merchant

Question 11.
What was the first book printed by Gutenberg ?

Answer: The Bible

Question 12.
How did the printed books resemble at first ?

Answer: At first the printed books resembled the written manuscripts in appearance

Question 13.
How many printed books were there in Europe markets in the 16th century ?

Answer: About 200 million copies of printed books

Question 14.
What was the reason for protests in India in 1908 ?

Answer: The imprisonment of Balgangadhar Tilak

Question 15.
Who emerged with the printing press ?

Answer: A new reading public emerged with the printing press

Question 16.
How did the common people live in a world of oral culture ?

Answer: The common people heard the sacred texts read out ballads recited and folk tales narrated

Question 17.
How was knowledge transmitted in the past ?

Answer: In the past knowledge was transmitted orally

Question 18.
What was the condition of books before the age of print ?

Answer: Before the age of print, books were expensive. They could not be produced in sufficient numbers

Question 19.
What was the rate of literacy in Europe till the twentieth century ?

Answer: The rate of literacy in most European countries was very low till the twentieth century

Question 20.
Which line became blurred ?

Answer: The line thatSeparated the oral and reading cultures became blurred

Question 21.
What did those who disagree with established authorities could do ?

Answer: They could now print and circulate their ideas

Question 22.
Who was the liberal colonial officer ?

Answer: Thomas Macaulay

Question 23.
Who was Martin Luther ?

Answer: Martin Luther was a religious reformer

Question 24.
What did Martin Luther write ?

Answer: Martin Luther wrote Ninety Five Theses criticising many of the practices and rituals of the Roman Catholic Church

Question 25.
What did Martin Luther say about print ?

Answer: "Printing is the ultimate gift of God and the greatest one."

Question 26.
Who reinterpreted the message of the Bible ?

Answer: Menocchio, a tniller in Italy

Question 27.
What did churches of different denominations set up ?

Answer: Churches of different denominations set up schools in villages carrying literacy to peasants and artisans

Question 28.
Who were known as chapmen ?

Answer: In England, the pedlars who carried penny chapbooks and sold for a penny were known as chapmen

Question 29.
What did newspapers and journals carry ?

Answer: The newspapers and journals carried information about war, trade and developments in other places

Question 30.
What did Mercier proclaim ?

Answer: Mercier proclaimed, "Tremble, therefore tyrants of the world ! Tremble before the virtual writer."

Question 31.
What did many historians argue about print culture ?

Answer: Many historians argued that print culture created the conditions within which the French Revolution occurred

Question 32.
How many tyes of arguments were put forward on print and French Revolution ?

Answer: Three types of arguments

Question 33.
What did the writings of the Enlightenment thinkers provide ?

Answer: Collectively, the writings of the Enlightenment provided a critical commentary on tradition, superstition and despotism

Question 34.
What did the public recognise with the influence of print ?

Answer: The public recognised the need to

Question the existing ideas and beliefs

Question 35.
What was the effect of the outpouring of literature by the 1780s ?

Answer: The outpouring of literature by the .1780s made the people mock the royalty and criticise their morality

Question 36.
What was the purpose of the Childrens Press ?

Answer: The purpose of the childrens press was to produce literature for children alone

Question 37.
What did The Grimm Brothers do ?

Answer: The Grimrrr Brothers in Germany spent years compiling traditional folk tales gathered from peasants

Question 38.
Who were the best known women novelists of the nineteenth century ?

Answer: The best known women novelists of the nineteenth century were Jane Austen, the Bronte sisters and George Eliot

Question 39.
Who wrote political tracts and autobiographies ?

Answer: Workers of the mid-nineteenth century wrote political tracts and autobiographies in large numbers

Question 40.
Why was offset press developed in the late nineteenth century ?

Answer: The offset press was developed in the late nineteenth century to print up six colours at a time

Question 41.
What were used to copy manuscripts in India ?

Answer: Palm leaves and handmade paper

Question 42.
Which were highly expensive and fragile ?

Answer: Manuscripts

Question 43.
What did teachers dictate in India in the past ?

Answer: Teachers dictated portions of texts from memory and students wrote them down

Question 44.
How many books were printed by 1674 ?

Answer: Fifty books

Question 45.
Who persecuted James Augustus Hickey ?

Answer: The Governor General Warren Hastings

Question 46.
Who could now participate in the. wider discussions ?

Answer: A wider public

Question 47.
What did Rammohan Roy publish ?

Answer: The Sambad Kaumudi

Question 48.
What were the two Persian newspapers published from 1822 ?

Answer: Jam-i-Jahan Nama and Shamsul Akhbar

Question 49.
What is Fatwa ?

Answer: A legal pronouncement on Islamic law usually given by a mufti (legal scholar) to clarity issues on which the law is uncertain

Question 50.
What did newspapers convey ?

Answer: Newspapers conveyed news from one place to another, creating pan-Indian identities

Question 51.
For readers, it opened up new worlds of experience and gave a vivid sense of diversity of human lives. What doesitrefer to ?

Answer: The novel

Question 52.
What were the other new literary forms that entered the world of reading ?

Answer: Lyrics, short stories and essays

Questio 53.
What did Raja Ravi Varma produce ?

Answer: Images for mass circulation

Question 54.
What did nationalist cartoons do ?

Answer: Criticised the imperial rule

Question 55.
What did lilberal husbands and fathers do to women ?

Answer: They began educating their women folk at home and sent them to schools

Question 56.
Who wrote books in Bengali ?

Answer: Kailashbashini

Question 57.
When did Hindi print begin seriously ?

Answer: From the 1870s

Question 58.
Who took the Battala publications to homes ?

Answer: Pedlars

Question 59.
Who was known as Periyar ?

Answer: E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker

Question 60.
What did Kasibaba wrote ?

Answer: Chhote Aur Bade Ka Sawal

Question 61.
Who wrote Sacchi Kavitayan ?

Answer: A Kanpur mill worker under the name of Sudarshan Chakr

Question 62.
Against whom were the measures of East India Company to control printed matter directed ?

Answer: Englishmen in India who were critical of company misrule and hated the actions of particular company officers

Question 63.
Who agreed to revise press laws ?

Answer: