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The Age of Industrialisation AP 10th Class Social History 4th Lesson

Question 1.
Explain the following?
Question (a).
Women workers in Britain attacked the Spinning Jenny?

Answer:

  1. The women workers in Britain attacked the Spinning Jenny for it speeded up the process of spinning
  2. As a result the demand of labour was reduced
  3. This caused a genuine fear of unemployment among the women who were working in the woollen industry
  4. Till the introduction of the Spinning Jenny, women survived on hand spinning but the new machine caused them the fear of losing work
Question (b).
In the seventeenth century merchants from towns in Europe began employing peasants and artisans within the villages?

Answer:

  1. The trade and commerce guild was in control of the market, raw materials and employees
  2. It also controlled the production of goods in the towns
  3. It created many problems for the merchants who tried to increase production by giving employment to more workers
  4. As a result the merchants from towns began employing peasants and artisans living in villages
Question (c).
The port of Surat declined by the end of the eighteenth century?

Answer:

  1. The port of Surat declined by the end of the eighteenth century because of the increasing power of the European companies engaged in trade in India
  2. The European companies secured many concessions from the local courts in addition to getting the monopoly rights to trade
  3. It led to the decline of the old ports, Surat and Hoogly, which were operated by the local merchants
  4. Exports from those ports slowed and the banks in those areas became bankrupt
Question (d).
The East India Company appointed gomasthas to supervise weavers in India?

Answer:

  1. The East India Company developed a system of management and control to eliminate competition
  2. It tried to establish a direct control over the weavers
  3. It appointed a paid servant called gomastha to supervise weavers, collect supplies and examine the quality of cloth
  4. Those who took loans had to handover the cloth that they produced to the gomastha
Question 2.
Write True or False against each statement?
Questiona.
At the end of the nineteenth century, 80 per cent of the total workforce in Europe was employed in the technologically advanced industrial sector?

Answer: False

Questionb).
The international market for fine textiles was dominated by India till the eighteenth century?

Answer: True

Questionc).
The American Civil War resulted in the reduction of cotton exports from India?

Answer: False

Questiond).
The introduction of the fly shuttle enabled hancHoom workers to improve their productivity?

Answer: True

Question 3.
Explain what is meant by proto-industrialisation?

Answer:

  1. The farmers had small plots of land which could not provide work for all the members of the family
  2. They took advances from merchants and worked for them
  3. The farmers remained in the countryside and cultivated their small plots
  4. It allowed them to make a fuller use of their family resources. Income from proto-industrial production supplemented their shrinking income from cultivation
  5. The proto - industrial system was the part of a net work of commercial exchanges controlled by merchants
  6. It was in practice before the establishment of factories
  7. It might be termed as the prephase of the coming of factories
DISCUSS
Question 1.
Why did some industrialists in nineteenth - century Europe prefer hand labour over machines?

Answer: Some industrialists in the nineteenth century Europe preferred hand labour to machine production for various reasons

  1. A range of products could be produced only with hand labour
  2. Machines produced uniforms and standardised goods for a mass market. Goods with intricate designs and specific shapes could be produced only by hand labour. They were in demand in the market
  3. Handmade products became a symbol of refinement and class.They were better finished, individually produced and carefully designed
  4. In Victorian Britain of the nineteenth century, the upper classes, the aristocrats and the bourgeoisie preferred things produced by hand to appear superior to the common people
  5. Labour was abundant. Workers were ready to accept the seasonal work
  6. Workers were available at low wages because of their poverty
Question 2.
How did the East India Company procure regular supplies of cotton and silk textiles from Indian weavers?

Answer: The East India Company followed, various methods to procure regular supplies of cotton and silk textiles from the Indian weavers

  1. The East India Company established political power and asserted monopoly right to trade
  2. It eliminated competition, controlled costs and ensured regular supplies of silk and cotton from the Indian weavers following a series of steps
  3. It appointed a paid servant called the gomastha to supervise weavers, collect supplies and examine the quality of cloth
  4. The gomastha gave loans to weavers to buy the raw material for their production. The condition was that they should handover the cloth they produced to the gomastha. They could not sell their material to any other trader
  5. As the demand increased the weavers took the advances to earn more
  6. These methods enabled the company to procure the regular supplies of cotton and silk textiles from the Indian weavers
Question 3.
Imagine that you have been asked to write an article for an encyclopaedia on Britain and the history of cotton. Write your piece using information from the entire chapter?

Answer: In the Seventeenth and Eighteenth centuries, merchants from the towns in Europe began moving to the countryside. They supplied money to peasants and artisans to produce for an international market. The associations of producers that trained crafts people, maintained control over production. It became difficult for the new merchants to set up business in towns. The poor people in the countryside had to look for alternative sources of income. It was the beginning of the phase of proto industrialisation. The proto industrial system was the part of a network of commercial exchanges controlled by merchants. It was in practice before the establishment of factories. It might be termed as the prephase of the coming of factories

The earliest factories in England came up by the 1730s. But it was only in the late eighteenth century that the number of factories multiplied. Cotton was the first symbol of the new era. Its production increased rapidly in the late nineteenth century. In 1760 Britain imported 2.5 million pounds of raw cotton for its cotton industry. It increased to 22 million pounds by 1787. It became possible with the introduction of the cotton mill and new machines. As a result cotton became the leading sector in the first phase of industrialisation till the 1840s. Textile was a dynamic sector. A large portion of the output was produced not within factories, but outside, within domestic units. The technological changes occurred slowly. They did not spread dramatically across the industrial landscape. The machines often broke down and repair was costly. So they were proved to be not much effective. The industrialists did not want to introduce machines because they required large capital investment. There was no shortage of human labour

Some products could be produced only with hand labour. Machines produced standardised goods for a mass market. The demand was for goods with intricate designs and specific shapes. The upper classes in Britain preferred things produced by hand. Handmade products came to symbolise refinement and class. So they used handmade goods and exported machine made goods to colonies. Before the age of machine industries silk and cotton goods from India dominated the-international market in textiles. The finer varieties came from India. A variety of Indian merchants and bankers were involved in the network of the export trade. By 1750s the network controlled by the Indian merchants started breaking down

The East India Company attained political power. They exploited the weavers, by force for the benefit of Britain. The trade dried up and bankers went bankrupt. The old trading houses were closed down. Those that wanted to survive had to work within the network of the European companies. Their monopoly trade resulted in the decline of the old ports Surat and Hoogly. The ports of Bombay and Calcutta grew. The shift from the old ports to the new ones was an indicator of the growth of the colonial power. As cotton industries developed in England, the British Government imposed import duties and encouraged their companies with the help of the East India Company, the British manufacturers entered Indian markets. Manchester became the centre of cotton production. Factories were established in India also. The first cotton mill in Bombay came up in 1854. By 1862 four mills were at work. The First World War created a new situation. The British mills were busy with war production to meet the needs of the army. Manchester imports into India declined. Suddenly the Indian mills had a vast home market. After the First World War the economy of Britain crumbled. Exports of cotton cloth from Britain, fell dramatically. Within colonies, the local industrialists consolidated their position, substituting foreign manufacturers and capturing the home market

Question 4.
Why did Industrial production in India increase during the First World War?

Answer: Till the First World War, the industrial growth was slow. Suddenly the First World War created a new situation. The industrial production in India increased. There were many reasons for the increase. The salient of them were

  1. The British mills were busy with war production to meet the needs of the army
  2. Manchester imports into India declined. It helped the Indian mills to have a vast home market to supply
  3. As the war prolonged, Indian factories also supplied war needs: jute bags, cloth for army uniforms, tents and leather books, horse and mule saddles and many other items
  4. New factories were set up ; the old factories ran in more shifts
  5. Many new workers were employed, every worker worked for longer hours
  6. Thus, during the war years, industrial production boomed
PROJECT WORK
Question?.
Select any one industry in your region and find out its history. How has the technology changed ? Where do the workers come from ? How are the products advertised and marketed ? Try and talk to the employers and some workers to get their views about the industrys history?

Answer: Cotton is the primary industry of our region, Gujarat: In the countryside, poor workers began working for merchants. They used the spindle for the production of yarn. One wheel moved only one spindle. They had to work hard to produce yarn. Then the merchants offered advances to produce goods for them. They remained in their countryside, worked for merchants and earned money. This income from proto-industrial production helped for their better living. It also enabled them to make a fuller use of their family labour resources

Later cotton mills were set up in different parts of the country, including our area. Machines were used. Factories began to work for twenty four hours. The machines, to suit to the needs, were invented. Workers from different states, including Gujarat came to work in factories. Some workers came by cycles. Many workers settled near the factories. More people living in one area created many problems to those living in cities

The cotton industry provided work to many labourers who were engaged in ginning, spinning, weaving, designing, packaging etc. The farmers in villages supplied cotton to the mills and earned their living. The European traders bought the fine variety of cotton in Gujarat. The products were advertised by the agents of mills under the East India Company, local merchants and traders. The companies used many labels to attract the buyers. The European traders were also attracted by the fine cotton of India. Thus, the European Managing Agencies dominated Industrial production in India. Their domination led to the /decline of the old ports, Surat and Hoogly, which were operated by the local merchants

In the beginning of the twentieth century, many changes affected the pattern of industrialisation. Cotton piece goods production in India doubled. During the First World War, Manchester imports into India declined. Indian mills had avast home market to supply. New factories were set up and old ones ran in multiple shifts over the war years, industrial production boomed. Meanwhile the Nationalist Movement spread all over the country. The Swadeshi Movement gathered momentum. Nationalists encouraged Indians to boycott foreign cloth. Though the workers were unhappy at the beginning, gradually their conditions improved. The same ideas were expressed by the workers in the industry, when they were interviewed

ACTIVITY
Question 1.
Give two examples where modern development that is associated with progress has led to problems. You may like to think of areas related to environmental issues, nuclear weapons or disease?

Answer: Industrial Development has increased smoke, released high levels of carbon monoxide, dust, smoke and many other health hazardous things. To increase production many developments became necessary. Hybrid seeds yielded much crop at the same time, they made the lands barren. Chemical manures were produced to increase yield. They increased yield ; but they did more harm to the land than good. They created environmental problems. More consumption of water reduced the ground water levels. Nuclear weapons are another dangerous example of the modern development. They are helpful in the construction of bridges, dams and many other useful activities. At the same time they lead to destruction. The bombs used in Hiroshima and Nagasaki have still their dangerous effects on the area. Today we have invented weapons many times more powerful. We cannot imagine their destructive power. Fortunate are the few who die instantly ; the others die daily before their actual death

Question 2.
The way in which historians focus on industrialisation rather than on small workshops is a good example of how what we believe today about the past is influenced by what historians choose to notice and what they ignore. Note down one event or aspect of your own life which adults such as your parents or teachers may think is unimportant, but which you believe to be important?

Answer: The historians focussed on the development of the world as a whole. For this development industrialisation is the only alternative. Industrialisation process became rapid. The most dynamic industries were cotton and metals. In the first phase of industrialisation was the cotton sector. Later there was the expansion of iron and steel industry, railways and many others. At the sametime the development ignored many other things and caused a lot of damage to them. The modern industries displaced traditional industries ; made the workers jobless and homeless. The industries produced things for the mass market. As a result the handmade goods with intricate designs and specific shapes preferred only by a few rich people. Handmade products which came to symbolise refinement and class, gradually disappeared. Though the products of the handmade workers appear to be unimportant in the modern world, they are still important because they represent the tradition and culture of an area or a country

Question 3.
Look at Figs. 4 and 5. Can you see any difference in the way the two images show industrialisation? Explain your view briefly?

Answer:

  1. In figure 4, the Lancashire cotton mill is very huge shining with electricity in the twilight. It is the most impressive sight adding to the beauty of the city
  2. In figure 5, we find Manchester with a cluster of industries emitting a lot of smoke
    3. It represents industrial development as well as environmental pollution
  3. The main difference between the two figures is that, figure 4 represents beauty where as figure 5 symbolises pollution, the result of industrialisation
Question 4.
Imagine that you are a merchant writing back to a salesman who has been trying to persuade you to buy a new machine. Explain in your letter what you have heard and why you do not invest in the new technology?

Answer: Machines are useful. They do the work of many labourers. The cost of production is cheap. We need not depend much on labourers. We can operate them and stop them whenever we want to do so. But this is all one side of the coin. They create many problems. We have to invest a lot of money on machines. If we do not get sufficient work, it becomes difficult to pay the loan instalments. Once there is a repair, the work will be disturbed. We have to spend a lot of money on repairs and replacement of the damaged parts. Sometimes we have to dispose of the machine and buy a new one, a very costly affair. For the above reasons, I do not invest in. the new technology

Question 5.
On a map of Asia, find and draw+he sea and land links of the textile trade from India to Central Asia, West Asia and Southeast Asia?

Answer:

DISCUSS
Question 1.
Look at Figs. 3, 7 and 11, then reread source B. Explain why many workers were opposed to the use of the Spinning Jenny?
Source -B: A magistrate reported in 1790 about an incident when he was called in to protect a manufactures property from being attacked by workers : From the depredations of a lawless Banditti of colliers and their wives, for the wives had lost their work to spinning engines they advanced at first with much insolence, avowing their intention of cutting to pieces the machine lately introduced in the woollen manufacture; which they suppose, if generally adopted, will lessen the demand for manual labour. The women became clamorous. The men were more open to conviction and after some expostulation were induced to desist from their purpose and return peaceably home. J.L. Hammond and B. Hammond, The skilled Labourer 170-1832, quoted in Maxine Bert, The Age of Manufactures

Answer: In figure 3, we find one wheel moving only one spindle. In figure 7, we see the giant wheels moved by steam power. They can set in motion hundreds of spindles to manufacture thread. In figure 11, we notice a number of spindles that are operated with one wheel. Many workers, especially women, lost their work because of spinning engines. They reduced the demand of labour. As a result many workers were opposed to the use of Spinning Jenny

SOURCES
Question A.
Write a brief account of Will Thorne on job seekers?

Answer:

  1. Will Thorne went in search of the seasonal work
  2. He described the condition of job seekers who went to London
  3. He was stimulated by the letters of his workmate^
  4. He decided to go to London in November, 1881
  5. He started to walk to London with two friends
  6. They had little money ; not enough to pay for food and lodgings on the way
  7. Their money was gone by the end of the third day
  8. They slept under a hay stack once and once in an old farm shed
  9. They reached London but could not meet their friend
  10. They slept in an old building that night
  11. The next day they went to the Old Kent Gas works for work
  12. To their surprise, they found their friend there
  13. He spoke to the foreman and Will Thorne was given a job
Question B.
Write a brief report of a magistrate in 1790?

Answer:

  1. In 1790, a magistrate reported when he was called in to protect a manufacturers property from being attacked by workers
  2. The wives of the workers lost their work to spinning engines
  3. They feared that the machines would lessen the demand for manual labour
  4. They threatened to cut the machine, which was lately introduced in the woollen manufacture to pieces
  5. They were persuaded not to do so
  6. After sometime, they were convinced and left the place peacefully
Question C.
Write briefly about the account of the Commissioner of Patna on trade in the manufacture of cloth?

Answer:

  1. The Commissioner of Patna wrote about the trade
  2. Twenty years ago a brisk trade was carried on in the manufacture of cloth at Jahanabad and Behar
  3. Later in Jahanabad it was totally stopped
  4. In Behar, it was very limited
  5. The goods of Manchester were durable and cheap
  6. The native manufacturers could not compete with them
Question D.
Write briefly about the report on the Koshtis, a community of weavers?

Answer: The Koshtis, a community of weavers, fell upon evil times. They were unable to compete with the large quantity of showy goods of Manchester. They emigrated in large numbers to Berar. They worked there as day labourers

Question E.
What did Vasant Parkar say about granting of leave in the mills?

Answer: Vasant Parkar was a millworker in Bombay. The workers paid money to jobbers to get their sons work in the mill. The mill worker was closely associated with his village. He used to go home for sowing and harvesting. It was an accepted practice for which the mills granted leave

Question F.
What did Bhai Bhosle say about work in the mills, in the 1930s and 1940s?

Answer: Bhai Bhosle was a trade unionist of Bombay. He recollected his childhood in the 1930s and 1940s. In those days the shift was from 5 pm to 3 am ; ten hours a day. They were terrible working hours. His father worked for 35 years. He got asthma like disease and so he could not work any more. Then he went back to his village

Important Question

The Age of Industrialisation AP 10th Class Social History 4th Lesson Important Questions

AP 10th Class Social History 4th Lesson Important

Questions: 8 Marks
Question 1.
Describe the impact of the pictures Dawn of the Century and Two Magicians?

Answer:

  1. Dawn of the Century
  1. Dawn of the Century was a music book published by a popular music publisher in 1900
  2. The book had a picture on the cover page announcing the Dawn of the Century
  3. There was a goddess like picture on the cover page bearing the flag of the new century
  4. She was the angel of progress symbolising time
  5. Her flight was taking her into the future
  6. There were the signs of progress : railway, camera, machines, printing press and factory, behind her
  7. Thus, the glorification of machines and technology appeared in the picture
  1. Two Magicians:
  1. The picture of two magicians appeared on a trade magazine over a hundred years ago
  2. The one at the top was Aladdin who built a beautiful palace with his magic lamp
  3. The one at the bottom was a mechanic
  4. He built bridges, ships, towers and high rise buildings with his modern tools
  5. Aladdin represented the East and the past
  6. The mechanic stood for the west and modernity
  7. The images became a story of development and the modern age with its technological progress
    8. Thus, the images offered us a triumphant account of the modern world
Question 2.
Write briefly about the industrial production before the industrial revolution?
(Or) Write briefly about proto-industrialisation and the role of merchants before the coming up of the factory.

Answer:

  1. Industrialisation is always associated with the growth of the factory industry
  2. When we talk of industrial production, we refer to factory production
  3. When we talk of industrial workers, we mean factory workers
  4. The fact is that there was large scale industrial production for an international market even before the establishment of factories
  5. The production is not based on factories
  6. This phase of industrialisation is referred to as proto industrialisation by many historians
  7. This proto industrialisation became part of a network of commercial exchanges
  8. With the expansion of the world trade, the demand for goods began growing
  9. But the merchants could not expand production within towns
  10. It was because the urban crafts and trade guilds were powerful in towns
  11. They regulated competition and- prices
  12. They restricted the entry of the new merchants into the trade
  13. So it became difficult for the new merchants to set up businesses in towns
  14. So they turned to the countryside
Question 3.
Write briefly about the coming up of the factory in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries?

Answer:

  1. In the countryside poor peasants and artisans began working for merchants
  2. The farmers had small plots of land
  3. It could not provide work for all, the members of the family
  4. The merchants gave them advances to produce goods for them
  5. They remained in the countryside, worked for the merchants and supplemented their income
  6. Each merchant employed 20 to 25 workers in the villages
  7. The merchants collected goods and sold them to the merchants in England
  8. The finishing was done in London and London came to be known as a finishing centre
  9. The number of factories multiplied in the late eighteenth century
  10. Cotton was the first symbol of the new era
  11. There were a number of changes within the process of production
  12. They were carding, twisting, spinning and rolling
  13. They enhanced the output per worker
  14. Each worker began to produce more
  15. They made possible the production of stronger threads and yarn
  16. Then Richard Arkwright created the cotton mill
  17. All the processes were brought together under one roof and management
  18. In the early nineteenth century, factories became a part of England
  19. People were dazzled by the magical power of the new technology
Question 4.
Write briefly about the pace of Industrial change?
(Or) Discuss the rapid-process of industrialisation. (Or) Industrialisation does not mean only the growth of factory industries - Elucidiate.

Answer: Stages of Growth : First:

  • Cotton and metals were the dynamic industries in Britain
  • Cotton was the leading sector in the first phase of industrialisation till 1840s
  • After that, the iron and steel industry led the way with the expansion of railways, and colonies
  • By 1873, Britain exported Iron andSteel worth about 77 million pounds, double the value of its Cotton export
Second :
  • The new industries could not easily displace the traditional industries
  • Even at the end of the Nineteenth Century, less than 20 percent of the total work force was employed in technologically advanced industrial sectors
  • Textiles was the dynamic sector
  • A large portion of output was produced outside, with domestic units
Third:
  • Even after the coming of industries the traditional industries were not stagnant
  • The ordinary and small innovations helped the growth of the non - mechanised sectors
  • Some of them were food processing, glasswork and furniture making
Fourth:
  • The technological changes occurred slowly
  • They did not spread dramatically across the industrial landscape
  • New technology was expensive
  • So, merchants and industrialists were cautious about using it
  • The machines often broke down and the repair was costly
  • They were not as effective as the manufacturers claimed
Question 5.
Write briefly about Hand labour and Steam power in Victorian Britain?
(Or) Compare and contrast handmade and machine products.

Answer:

  • In Victorian Britain, there was no shortage of human labour
  • Poor people moved to the cities in large numbers in search of work
  • As there was plenty of labour, the wages were low
  • As a result, the industrialists depended on human labour
  • They did not want to spend money on costly machines
  • In many industries, the demand for labour was seasonal
  • The production fluctuated with the season
  • Each product has a specific season for demand. So the industries preferred hand labour, employing workers for the season
  • A range of products could be produced only with hand labour
  • They produced goods with intricate designs and specified shapes
  • The handmade products symbolised refinement and class
  • They were better finished, individually produced and carefully designed
  • In the nineteenth century Britain, the upper classes - the aristocrats and the bourgeoise - preferred things produced by hand
  • Machines were used to produce uniforms and standardised goods for the mass market
  • They were made for export to the colonies
  • As there was no problem for labour, Britain hired human hands besides using machines
Question 6.
Write briefly about the life of workers in the early nineteenth century?
(Or) What were the circumstances that led to the hostility of the workers to the new technology in the early nineteenth century ?

Answer:

  • The abundance of labour in the market affected the lives of workers
  • Many labourers went to the cities searching for jobs
  • Getting a job depended on friendship and relations
  • If the person had a friend in the factory, he would get the job easily with his help
  • If there were no connections, the workers had to wait for weeks
  • During that jobless time, they had to spend nights under the bridges or in night shelters
  • Seasonality of work kept them without work for long periods. So, most of them looked for odd jobs
  • But it became difficult to get even odd jobs
  • There was some increase in the wages of workers in the early nineteenth century
  • But the workers could not lead even the ordinary life because of price rise during the prolonged Napoleonic war
  • n 1830s the unemployment went up between 35 and 75 percent
  • The introduction of the new technology made the conditions worse. So, the workers were against the new technology
  • When the spinning jenny was introduced in the woollen industry, women workers began to attack the new machines
  • The conflict over the introduction of the jenny continued for a longtime
  • The condition of the workers improved after 1840s
  • The building activity increased
  • Opportunities for employment were improved
  • Roads were widened and new railway stations came up
  • The railway lines were extended and tunnels dug
  • Drainage and sewers were laid ; the rivers embanked
  • The number of workers in the transport industry doubled in 1840s
  • It was doubled again in the subsequent thirty years.
Question 7.
What was the condition of weavers after the consolidation of the East India Company ?
(Or) Explain the role of the gomasthas in the East India Company. (Or) How far were the gomasthas responsible for the revolt of the weavers in villages ?

Answer:

  • To assert the monopoly right to trade, the East India Company developed a system to eliminate competition
  • Through a series of steps, it controlled costs and ensured regular supplies of cotton and silk goods
  • It appointed a paid servant called the gomastha to supervise weavers, collect supplies and examine the quality of cloth
  • He gave loans to the weavers to purchase raw material
  • Those who took loans had to handover the cloth they produced to the gomastha
  • The supply merchants lived within the weaving villages
  • They looked after the needs of the villagers and helped them in times of urgent needs
  • The new gomasthas were outsiders without any social link with the village
  • They behave arrogantly
  • They punished weavers, for delays in supply, with the help of sepoys and peons
  • The weavers were paid less
  • They had no opportunity to bargain
  • Their loans tied them to the company
  • The weavers could not bear the trouble of gomasthas
  • In many places in Carnatic and Bengal, the weavers left the villages
  • They set up looms in other villages where they had some family relation
  • Some weavers, along with the village traders, revolted
  • They opposed the company and its officials
  • Gradually they refused loans and closed their workshops.
  • They took to agricultural labour
Question 8.
What was the impact of Manchester goods on textile industry ?
(Or) How did the machine goods affect the Indian weavers ? (Or) Write briefly about the textile industry in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries ?

Answer:

  • It was believed in the 18th century that the demand for Indian textiles could never reduce
  • The reason was that no other nation produced goods of the same quality
  • But there was the decline of the textile exports from India by the beginning of the nineteenth century
  • In 1811-12, it was 33 percent; by 1850-51, it was no more than 3 percent
  • Cotton industries developed in England
  • The industrial groups worried about the imports from other countries
  • They pressurised the government to impose import duties on cotton textiles
  • It would enable Manchester goods to sell in England
  • They persuaded East India company to sell British manufactures in India also
  • As a result, Indian imports increased
  • By 1850, the cotton imports were 31 percent of the value of the Indian imports ; By 1870s, it increased to over 50 percent. "
  • Cotton weavers in India faced two problems in the nineteenth century
  • Their export market collasped. The imports from Manchester reduced the local market
  • Cotton goods produced by machines were cheap. So, weavers could not compete with the cheap machine goods
  • As a result, there was a decline in the weaving regions of India by the 1850s
  • By the 1860s, the weavers faced a new problem
  • They could not get sufficient supply of raw cotton of good quality
  • The Civil War broke out in America
  • Cotton supplies from the US were cut off
  • Britain turned to India
  • The raw cotton exports from India increased
  • The weavers could not get enough supplies of cotton
  • They had to buy raw cotton at exorbitant prices
  • As a result weaving was not profitable
  • By the end of the nineteenth century, the weavers and crafts people faced another problem
  • Factories in India begem a lot of production
  • They affected the weaving industries badly
Question 9.
Give a detailed account of the Early Enterpreneurs of India?
(or) Write briefly about the history of the British business groups and the role of the early enterpreneurs of India.

Answer:

  • Industries were set up in different regions by varying sorts of people
  • The history of many business groups goes back to trade with China
  • From the late eighteenth century, the British in India began exporting Opium to China
  • In return, they took tea from China to England
  • Many Indians became junior players in this trade
  • They provided finance, procured supplies and shipping consignments
  • Thus, some enterpreneurs of India earned through trade
  • The Indians who earned through trade had visions of developing industrial enterprises in India
  • In Bengal, Pwarakanath Tagore made his fortune in China trade.
  • Later he turned to industrial investment and set up six Joint Stock Companies in the 1830s and 1840s
  • His business sank in the crises of 1840s
  • Later in the nineteenth century, many Indian traders with China became successful industrialists
  • Seth Hukumchand set up the first Indian jute mill in Calcutta
  • Jamsetjee Nusserwanjee Tata built huge industrial empires in India
  • During the same time, the grandfather and father of G.D. Birla also became famous industrialists
  • When the colonial control over the Indian trade tightened, the function of the Indian merchants became limited
  • They were not allowed to trade with Europe in manufactured goods
  • They exported only raw materials required by the British
  • Till the First World War, the European managing agencies controlled a large sector of Indian industries
  • There were three biggest European Agencies which mobilised capital and set up Joint Stock Companies
  • The three Agencies were Bird Heiglers & Co., Andrew Yule and Jardine Skinner & Co
  • The Europeans had their own Chamber of Commerce
  • The Indian businessmen were not allowed to join
Question 10.
What were the conditions that led to the appointment of a jobber ? What were his duties ?
(Or) Describe how the industrialists managed to get workers in the early twentieth century.

Answer:

  • With the expansion of the factories in the early twentieth century, the demand for workers increased
  • The wooers came from the surrounding districts in most industrial regions
  • The workers who had no work in the villages went to the cities in search of work
  • Some workers who worked in the city mills, went back to the villages during harvests and festivals
  • There were textile mills in Bombay and jute mills in Calcutta
  • As the news of employment spread, workers travelled great distances to work there
  • Though the demand for workers increased, the numbers seeking work were always more than the jobs available
  • Entry into the mills was also restricted usually the industrialists employed a jobber to get new recruits
  • The jobber was an old and trusted worker
  • He got people from the village and gave them jobs
  • He helped the workers settle in the city
  • Gradually he became a person with some authority and power
  • He controlled the lives of workers. He demanded money and gifts for his favour
Question 11.
Write briefly about the peculiarities of Industrial Growth?
(Or) Write briefly about the Industrial situation before, during and after the First World War.

Answer:

  • The European Managing Agencies dominated the industrial production in India
  • They were interested only in certain kinds of products
  • They acquired land at cheap rates from the colonial government and established tea and coffee plantations
  • They invested in mining, indigo and jute
  • Most of the products were required for the export trade but not for sale in India
  • The Indian businessmen began setting up industries in the late nineteenth century
  • Their main idea was survival
  • So they avoided competing with the Manchester goods in the Indian market
  • Yarn was not an important part of the British import in India. So they produced coarse yarn rather than fabric
  • When yarn was imported by the British, it was only of the superior variety
  • The yarn produced in Indian spinning mills was used by the handloom weavers in India or exported to China
  • A series of changes affected the pattern of Industrialisation by the first decade of the twentieth century
  • The Swadeshi Movement gathered momentum
  • Nationalists mobilised people to boycott foreign cloth
  • Industrial groups pressurised the government to increase tariff protection and grant other concessions
  • The exports of the Indian yarn to China declined
  • The Industrialists in India began shifting from yarn to cloth production
  • As a result, the cotton piece goods production in India doubled between 1900 and 1912
  • Till the First World War, the industrial growth was slow
  • The war created a dramatically new situation
  • The British mills were busy with the production of the army needs. Indian factories were also called upon to supply war needs : Cloth for army uniforms, jute bags, leather boots etc
  • New factories were set up. The old factories ran in double shifts. Thus, the industrial production boomed over the war years
  • After the First World War, Manchester could never recapture its old position in the Indian market
  • The economy of Britain crumbled because it was unable to modernise and compete with the U.S., Germany and Japan.
  • Cotton production collapsed
  • Exports of cotton from Britain fell dramatically.
  • Within the colonies, the local industrialists consolidated their position
  • They substituted foreign manufacturers and captured the home market
Question 12.
What was the condition of the small scale industries in the twentieth century ?
(Or) Write briefly about the expansion of handicrafts and the life of weavers and other crafts people in the twentieth century.

Answer:

  • After the First World War, the large industries formed only a small sequent of the economy
  • They were located in Bengal and Bombay over the rest of the country, the small scale production continued to predominate
  • Many workers worked in small workshops and household units
  • Handicrafts production expanded in the twentieth century
  • Handloom cloth production expanded steadily
  • Handicrafts improved because of the new technology introduced in the twentieth century
  • The weavers fitted flyshuttles to the looms
  • They moved by means of ropes and pullies
  • They increased productivity per worker
  • They speeded up production and reduced labour demand
  • By 1941, over 35 percent of handlooms in India were fitted with flyshuttles
  • There were many other innovations which helped the weavers improve the production
  • The weavers wove coarse and finer cloth. The demand for the coarse cloth fluctuated violently
  • It depended upon the income of the rural poor
  • The demand for the finer varieties was stable
  • They were bought by the rich
  • Famines did not affect the sale of Banarasi or Baluchari saris
  • The mills could not imitate the specialised weaves
  • They could not easily be displaced by the mill production
  • Inspite of the expansion, the weavers did not prosper
  • The entire family had to work hard to survive
  • Their life and labour integral to the process of industrialisation
Question 13.
Describe how advertisements helped to boost up the sales?
(or) What is the-role played by advertisements in extending the market for their produce?

Answer:

  • When a new product is produced, people have to be persuaded to buy them
  • They have to feel like using the product
  • One way to create new customers is through advertisements
  • They make products appear desirable and necessary
  • They try to shape the minds of people and create new needs
  • Today we live in a world where advertisements surround us
  • They appear in newspapers, public places, television screens etc
  • If we look back into history, we find that advertisements have played a major role in expanding the markets for products
  • When Manchester industrialists began selling cloth in India, they put labels on cloth bundles
  • The label contained the place of manufacture and the name of the company familiar to the buyer
  • The label was a mark of quality
  • When they saw the label Made in Manchester, they would feel confident to buy the cloth
  • The labels carried words and texts
  • They also carried images which were beautifully illustrated.
  • They were used to appeal to the people
  • The images of Indian gods and goddesses regularly appeared on the labels
  • The foreign manufacturer wanted to be familiar to Indians with images like Krishna, Lakshmi, Saraswathi, Karthikeya etc
  • The figures of important personages of Emperors and Nawabs were also printed
  • When the product was used by kings, its quality could not be
    Questioned
  • It was their idea
  • There were calendars to popularise the products
  • Calendars Were also used by those who could not read
  • The Indian manufacturers advertised the nationalist message.If you care for the nation, buy the products of Indians
  • Thus, the advertisements became a vehicle of the nationalist message of Swadeshi - also
AP 10th Class Social History 4th Lesson Important
Questions: 4 Marks
Question 1.
Write briefly about Dawn of the Century?

Answer: Dawn of the Century :

  • Dawn of the Century was a music book published by a popular music publisher in 1900
  • The book had a picture on the cover page announcing the Dawn of the Century
  • There was a goddess like picture on the cover page bearing the flag of the new century
  • She was the angel of progress symbolising time
  • Her flight was taking her into the future
  • There were the signs of progress ; railway, camera, machines, printing press and factory, behind her,
  • Thus, the glorification of machines and technology appeared in the picture
Question 2.
Write briefly about the Two Magicians published in Inland printers?

Answer: Two Magicians :

  • The picture of two magicians appeared on a trade magazine over a hundred years ago
  • The one at the top was Aladdin who built a beautiful palace with his magic lamp
  • The one at the bottom was a mechanic
  • He built bridges, ships, towers and high rise buildings with his modern tools
  • Aladdin represented the east and the past
  • The mechanic stood for the west and modernity
  • Thus, the images offered us a triumphant account of the modern world
Question 3.
What is proto-industriaiisation ?

Answer:

  • Industrialisation is always associated with the growth of the factory industry
  • When we talk of industrial production, we refer to factory production. When we talk of industrial workers, we mean factory workers
  • The fact is that there was large-scale industrial production for an internaional market even before the establishment of factories.
  • The production is not based on factories
  • This phase of industrialisation is referred to as proto-industrialisation by many historians
  • This proto-industrialisation became part of a network of commercial exchanges
Question 4.
Why did the merchants turn to the countryside in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries ?

Answer:

  • With the expansion of the world trade, the demand for goods began growing
  • But the rrferchants could not expand production within towns
  • It was because the urban crafts and trade guilds were powerful in towns
  • They regulated competition and prices
  • They restricted the entry of the new merchants into the trade
  • So it became difficult for the new merchants to set up businesses in towns
  • So they turned to the countryside
Question 5.
What was the condition of the poor peasants and artisans before the Industrial Revolution ?

Answer:

  • In the countryside poor peasants and artisans began working for merchants
  • The farmers had small plots of land
  • It could not provide work for all the members of the family
  • The merchants gave them advances to produce goods for them
  • They remained in the countryside, worked for the merchants and supplemented their income
  • Each merchant employed 20 to 25 workers in the villages
  • The merchants collected goods and sold them to the merchants in England
  • The finishing was done in London and London came to be known as a finishing centre
Question 6.
What were the changes in the process of the production of cotton ? The first symbol of the new era was cotton - Discuss?

Answer:

  1. The number of factories multiplied in the late eighteenth century
  2. Cotton was the first symbol of the new era
  3. There were a number of changes within the process of production
  4. They were carding, twisting, spinning and rolling
  5. They enhanced the output per worker
  6. Each worker began to produce more
  7. They made possible the production of stronger threads and yarn
  8. Then Richard Arkwright created the cotton mill
  9. All the processes were brought together under one roof and management
Question 7.
Why was not the new technology effective ?

Answer:

  • The new industries could not easily displace the traditional industries
  • The technological changes occurred slowly
  • They did not spread dramatically across the industrial landscape
  • New technology was expensive
  • So, merchants and industrialists were cautious about using it
  • The machines often broke down and the repair was costly
  • They were not as effective as the manufacturers claimed
  • The new technology was slow, to be accepted by the industrialists
Question 8.
Write briefly about the history of the steam engine?

Answer: Steam Engine:

  • James Watt improved the steam engine produced by Newcomen
  • He patented the new engine in 1781
  • The new model was manufactured by his industrial friend Mathew Boulton
  • There were no buyers for years
  • There were not more than 321 steam engines all over England at the beginning of the nineteenth century
  • They were used in cotton, wool and mining industries and canal works and iron works
  • They were not used in any other industries
Question 9. What was the condition of human labour in Victorian Age ? (or) In Victorian Britain there was no shortage of human labour - Explain?

Answer:

  • In Victorian Britain there was no shortage of human labour
  • Poor people moved to the cities in large numbers in search of work
  • As there was plenty of labour, the wages were low
  • As a result the industrialists depended on human labour
  • They did not want to spend money on costly machines
  • In many industries the demand for labour was seasonal
  • The production fluctuated with the season
  • Each product has a specific season for demand
  • So, the industrialists preferred hand labour, employing workers for the season
Question 10.
Write briefly about hand labour products and machine products in Victorian Britain?
(Or) Why did the industrialists prefer hand labour over machines in the 19th century ?

Answer:

  • A range of products could be produced only with Jjand labour
  • They produced goods with intricate designs and specified shapes
  • The handmade products symbolised refinement and class
  • They were better finished individually produced and carefully designed
  • In the nineteenth century 500 varieties of hammers and 45 kinds of axes were produced in Britain
  • They required human skill, not mechanical technology
  • In Victorian Britain, the upper classes - the aristocrats and the bourgeoisie - preferred things produced by hand
  • Machines were used to produce uniforms and standardised goods for the mass market
  • They were jnade for export to the colonies
  • As there as no problem for labour, Britain hired human hands besides using machines
Question 11.
How did the abundance of labour affect the lives of workers ?

Answer:

  • The abundance of labour in the market affected the lives of workers
  • Many labourers went to the cities searching for jobs
  • Getting a job depended on friendship and relations
  • If the person had a friend in the factory, he would get the job easily with his help
  • If there were no connections, the workers had to wait for weeks
  • During that jobless time, they had to spend nights under the bridges or in night shelters
  • Seasonality of work kept them without work for long periods
  • So, most of them looked for odd jobs. But it became difficult to get even odd jobs
Question 12.
Why were the workers hostile to the new technology, especially the spinning jenny ?

Answer:

  • There was some increase in the wages of workers in the early nineteenth century
  • But the workers could not lead even the ordinary life because of price rise during the prolonged
  • Napoleonic war, what was also critical was the period of unemployment
  • In 1830s the unemployment went up between 35 and 75 percent
  • The introduction of the new technology made the conditions worse so, the workers were against the new technology
  • When the spinning jenny was introduced in the woollen industry, women workers began to attack the new machines
  • The conflict over the introduction of the jenny continued for a long time
Question 13.
What was the condition of workers after 1840s ?
(Or) How were the opportunities of employment after 1840s ?

Answer:

  • The condition of the workers improved after 1840s
  • The building activity increased
  • Opportunities for employment were improved
  • Roads were widened and new railway stations came up
  • The railway lines were extended and tunnels dug
  • Drainage and sewers were laid, the rivers embanked
  • The number of workers in the transport industry doubled in 1840s
  • It was doubled again in the subsequent thirty years
Question 14.
What were the problems faced by the East India Company before the consolidation of its power ?

Answer:

  • Indian fine textiles were in great demand in Europe
  • So the East India Company was keen on expanding textile exports from India
  • But it found difficult to get regular supply of goods for export
  • The French, Dutch, Portuguese and the local traders competed in the market to secure woven cloth
  • The weaver and the supply merchants sold it to the best buyer
  • So, the East India Company officials wrote a letter to London
  • They complained of difficulties of supply and the high prices
Question 15.
How could the East India Company assert a monopoly right to trade ?
(Or) What were the steps taken by the East India company to eliminate competition ? (Or) What was the role of gomastha in trade ?

Answer:

  • To asset the monopoly right to trade, the East India Company developed a system to eliminate competition
  • Through a series of steps, it controlled costs and ensured regular supplies of cotton and silk goods
  • It appointed a paid servant called the gomastha to supervise weavers, collect supplies and examine the quality of cloth
  • He gave loans to the weavers to purchase raw material
  • Those who took loans had to hand-over the cloth they produced to the gomastha
Question 16.
What were the clashes between the weavers and the gomasthas ?

Answer:

  • The supply merchants lived within the weaving villages
  • They looked after the needs ofthe villagers and helped them in times of urgent needs
  • The new gomasthas were outsiders without any social link with the village
  • They behaved arrogantly. They punished weavers, for delays in supply, with the help of sepoys and peons
  • The weavers were paid less. They had no opportunity to bargain
  • Their loans tied them to the company
Question 17.
Why did the weavers take to agricultural labour ?

Answer:

  • The weavers could not bear the trouble of gomasthas
  • In many places in Carnatic and Bengal, the weavers left the villages
  • They set up looms in other villages where they had some family relation
  • Some weavers along with the village traders, revolted
  • They opposed the company and its officials
  • Gradually they refused loans and closed down their workshops.
  • They took to agricultural labour
Question 18.
What was the condition of Indias cotton exports by 1850-51 ?

Answer:

  • It was believed in the 18th century that the demand for Indian textiles could never reduce
  • The reason was that no other nation produced goods of the same quality
  • But there was the decline of the textile exports from India by the beginning of the nineteenth century
  • In 1811-12 it was 33 percent, by 1850-51, it was no more than 3 percent
Question 19.
Why did the textile exports from India decrease ?

Answer:

  • Cotton industries developed in England
  • The industrial groups worried about the imports from other countries
  • They pressurised the government to impose import duties on cotton textiles
  • It would enable Manchester goods to sell in England
  • They persuaded East India Company to sell British manufactures in India also
  • As a result, Indian imports increased
  • By 1850 the cotton imports were 31 percent of the value of Indian imports
  • By 1870s, it increased to over 50 percent
Question 20.
What were the problems of the cotton weavers in India in the nineteenth century ?

Answer:

  • Cotton weavers in India faced two problems in the nineteenth century
  • Their export market collapsed
  • The imports from Manchester reduced the local market
  • Cotton goods produced by machines were cheap
  • So, weavers could not compete with the cheap machine goods
  • As a result there was a decline in the weaving regions of India by the 1850s
Question 21.
What was the impact of the American Civil War on cotton market ?

Answer:

  • By the 1860s, the weavers faced a new problem
  • They could not get sufficient supply of raw cotton of good quality
  • The Civil War broke out in America. Cotton supplies from the U.S. were cut off
  • Britain turned to India
  • The raw cotton exports from India increased
  • The weavers could not get enough supplies of cotton
  • They had to buy raw cotton at exorbitant prices
  • As a result weaving was not profitable
  • By the end of the nineteenth century the weavers and crafts people faced another problem
  • Factories in India began a lot of production
  • They affected the weaving industries badly
Question 22.
Write briefly about the industries set up in different regions by various sorts of people?
(Or) Write briefly about the history of the business groups that entered India.

Answer:

  • Industies were set up in different regions by varying sorts of people
  • The history of many business groups goes back to trade with China
  • From the late eighteenth century, the British in India began exporting opium to China
  • In return tfiey took tea from China to England
  • Many Indians became junior players in this trade
  • They provided finance, procured supplies and shipping consignments
  • Thus some enterpreneurs of India earned through trade
Question 23.
Write briefly about the role of the early Indian enterpreneurs?
(Or) Write briefly about the role of Dwarakanath Tagore, Tata and Birla in the field of Trade.

Answer:

  1. The Indians who earned through trade had visions of developing industrial enterprises in India
  2. In Bengal, Dwarakanath Tagore made his fortune in China trade
  3. Later he turned to industrial investment and set up six Joint-Stock Companies in the 1830s and 1840s
  4. His business sank in the crises of 1840s
  5. Later in the nineteenth century many Indian traders with China became successful industrialists
  6. Seth Hukumchand set up the first Indian jute mill in Calcutta
  7. Jamsetjee Nusserwanjee Tata built huge industrial empires in India
  8. During the same time, the grandfather and father of G.D.Birla also became famous industrialists
Question 24.
What was the condition of Indian traders when the colonial control over Indian trade tightened ?
(Or) What were the European Managing Agencies that controlled the large sector of Indian industries ? (Or) How were Indian merchants discriminated by the Britishers ?

Answer:

  • When the colonial control over the Indian trade tightened, the function of the Indian merchants became limited
  • They were not allowed to trade with Europe in manufactured goods
  • They exported only raw materials required by the British
  • Till the First World War the European Managing Agencies controlled a large sector of Indian industries
  • There were three biggest European Agencies which mobilised capital and set up joint stock companies
  • The three Agencies were : Bird Heiglers & Co, Andrew Yule and Jardine Skinner & Co
  • The Europeans had their own Chamber of Commerce
  • The Indian businessmen were not allowed to join
Question 25.
Where did the factories get workers from in the early twentieth century ?
(Or) Where were the textile and jute mills situated in India in the early twentieth century ?

Answer:

  • With the expansion of the factories in the early twentieth century, the demand for workers increased
  • The workers came from the surrounding districts in most industrial regions
  • The workers who had no work in the villages went to the cities in search of work
  • Some workers who worked in the city mills went back to the villages during harvests and festivals
  • There were textile mills in Bombay and jute mills in Calcutta
  • As the news of employment spread, workers travelled great distances to work there
Question 26.
Write briefly about the Jobber?

Answer:

  • Though the demand for workers increased, the numbers seeking work were always more than the jobs available
  • Entry into the mills was also restricted
  • Usually the industrialists employed a jobber to get new recruits
  • The jobber was an old and trusted worker
  • He got people from the village and gave them jobs
  • He helped the workers settle in the city
  • Gradually he became a person with some authority and power
  • He controlled the lives of the workers. He demanded money and gifts for his favour
Question 27.
What were the products that the European Marketing Agencies were interested in ?

Answer:

  • The European Marketing Agencies dominated the industrial production in India
  • They were interested only in certain kinds of products
  • They acquired land at cheap rates from the colonial government and established tea and coffee plantations
  • They invested in mining, indigo and jute
  • Most of the products were required for the export trade but not for sale in India
Question 28.
How could the Indian businessmen avoid competition with Manchester goods ?
(Or) How did the Indian businessmen survive despite tight controls ?

Answer:

  • The Indian businessmen began setting up industries in the late nineteenth century
  • Their main idea was survival. So they avoided competing with the Manchester goods in the Indian market
  • Yarn was not an important part of the British imports into India
  • So they produced coarse cotton yarn rather than fabric
  • When yarn was imported by the British it was only of the superior variety
  • The yarn produced in Indian spinning mills was used by the handloom weavers in India or exported to China
Question 29.
What were the changes that affected the pattern of industrialisation by the first decade of the twentieth century ?

Answer:

  • A series of changes affected the pattern of industrialisation by the first decade of the twentieth century
  • The Swadeshi Movement gathered momentum
  • Nationalists mobilised people to boycott foreign cloth
  • Industrial groups pressurised the government to increase tariff protection and grant other concessions
  • The exports of the Indian yarn to China declined
  • The industrialists in India began shifting from yarn to cloth production
  • As a result the cotton piece goods production in India doubled between 1900 and 1912
Question 30.
What was the condition of industries during the First World War ?

Answer:

  • Till the First World War, the industrial growth was slow
  • The war created a dramatically new situation
  • The British mills were busy with the production of the army needs
  • Indian factories were also called upon to supply war needs: cloth for army uniforms, jute bags, leather boots etc
  • New factories were set up. The old factories ran in double shifts
  • Thus, the industrial production boomed over the war years
Question 31.
What was the condition of industries after the First World War ?
(Or) Why did the British industries fail.to recapture their old hold on the Indian market after the First World War ?

Answer:

  • After the First World War, Manchester could never recapture its old position in the Indian market
  • The economy of Britain crumbled because it was unable to modernise and compete with the U.S, Germany and Japan
  • Cotton production collapsed
  • Exports of cotton from Britain fell dramatically Within the colonies, the local industrialists consolidated their position
  • They substituted foreign manufacturers and captured the home market
Question 32.
How did the small scale production continue to predominate in the twentieth century ?

Answer:

  • After the First World War, the large industries formed only a small segment of the economy
  • They were located in Bengal and Bombay over the rest of the country the small scale production continued to predominate
  • Many workers worked in small workshops and household units
  • Handicrafts production expanded in the twentieth century
  • Handloom cloth production expanded steadily
Question 33.
What led to the expansion in handloom production between 1900 and 1940 ?
(Or) What were the reasons for the expansion of handicrafts in the twentieth century ?

Answer:

  • Handicrafts improved because of the new technology introduced in the twentieth century
  • The weavers fitted flyshuttles to the looms
  • They moved by means of ropes and pullies
  • They increased productivity per worker
  • They speeded up production and reduced labour demand
  • By 1941, over 35 percent of handlooms in India were fitted with fly shuttles
  • There were many other innovations which helped the weavers improve the production
Question 34.
What was the condition of weavers and other crafts people in the twentieth century ?

Answer:

  • The weavers wove coarse and finer cloth
  • The demand for the coarse cloth fluctuated violently
  • It depended upon the income of the rural poor
  • The demand for the finer varieties was stable
  • They were bought by the rich
  • Famines did not affect the sale of Banarasi or Baluchari saries
  • The mills could not imitate the specialised weaves
  • They could not easily be displaced by the mill production
  • Inspite of the expansion, the weavers did not prosper
  • The entire family had to work hard, to survive
  • Their life and labour was integral to the process of industrialisation
Question 35.
What is the role of advertisements ?

Answer:

  • When a new product is produced people have to be persuaded to buy them
  • They have to feel like using the product
  • One way to create new consumers is through advertisements
  • They make products appear desirable and necessary
  • They try to shape the minds of people and create new needs
  • Today we live in a world where advertisements surround us
  • They appear in newspapers, public places, television screens etc
  • If we look back into history, we find that advertisements have played a major role in expanding the markets for products
Question 36.
What did Manchester industrialists do to market their cloth ?
(Or) How did the British market goods in India ?

Answer:

  • When Manchester industrialists began selling cloth in India, they put labels on cloth bundles
  • The label contained the place of manufacture and the name of the company familiar to the buyer
  • The label was a mark of quality
  • When they saw the label Made in Manchester, they would feel confident to buy the cloth
Question 37.
What was the role of labels, images and calendars in advertisement ?
(Or) What were the different labels used by the advertisement companies in the twentieth century ? (Or) How did the advertisements become a vehicle of the nationalist message of Swadeshi ?

Answer:

  • The labels carried words and texts
  • They also carried images which were beautifully illustrated
  • They were used to appeal to the people
  • The images of Indian gods and goddesses regularly appeared on the labels
  • The foreign manufacturer wanted to be familiar to Indians with images like Krishna, Lakshmi, Saraswathi, Kartikeya etc
  • The figures of important personages, of Emperors and Nawabs were also printed
  • When the product was used by kings, its quality could not be
    Questioned
  • It was their idea. There were calendars to popularise the products
  • Calendars were also used by those who could not read
  • The Indian manufacturers advertised the nationalist message
  • "If you care for the nation, buy products of Indians."
  • Thus, the advertisements became a vehicle of the nationalist message of Swadeshi also

AP 10th Class Social History 4th Lesson Important

Questions: 2 Marks
Question 1.
What were the four major centres of cotton textile in India in the nineteenth century ? (during the colonial period)?

Answer: Bombay - 1854 Kanpur -1860 Ahmedabad -1861 Madras -1874

Question 2.
Who were the leading enterpreneurs in India who set factories during the colonial period ?

Answer:

  1. Dwarakanath Tagore
  2. Dinshaw Petit
  3. Jamsetjee Nusserwanjee Tata
  4. Seth Hukumchand
Question 3.
What was the duty of a jobber ?

Answer:

  1. The jobber was an old man. He was a trusted worker employed by the industrialists to recruit and supervise workers
  2. He was a person with authority and power
Question 4.
What was the role of advertisements in expanding business ?

Answer:

  1. Advertisements made products appear attractive, desirable and necessary
  2. They shaped the minds of the people and created new needs

AP 10th Class Social History 4th Lesson Important

Questions: 1 Mark
Question 1.
Which industry was the symbol of the new era ?

Answer: Cotton

Question 2.
Who created the cotton mill ?

Answer: Richard Arkwright

Question 3.
Who invented the steam engine ?

Answer: James Watt

Question 4.
Who discovered the Spinning Jenny ?

Answer: James Hargreaves

Question 5.
Which pre-colonial port connected India and the Red Sea ports ?

Answer: Surat

Question 6.
What are the two regions famous for large scale industries during colonial rule ?

Answer: Bombay and Bengal

Question 7.
What were the famous industries in the early nineteenth century ?

Answer: Cotton and meted

Question 8.
Who preferred the clothes produced by hand in the Victorian Age ?

Answer: The upper classes, the aristocrats and the bourgeoise

Question 9.
Name some Indian ports of the Pre colonial period?

Answer: Hoogly, Machilipatnam and Surat

Question 10.
What are the two ports that became famous during the colonial period ?

Answer: Bombay and Calcutta (Kolkata)

Question 11.
What were the European Marketing Agencies that controlled the large sector of Indian Industries?

Answer:

  • Bird Heiglers and Co
  • Andrew Yule
  • Jardine Skinner and Co
    • Question 12.
    When was the first cotton mill established in Bombay ?

    Answer: 1854

    Question 13.
    How many mills were there in India by 1862 ?

    Answer: Four

    Question 14.
    Where did the jute mills come up ?

    Answer: Bengal

    Question 15.
    When was the first jute mill set up ?

    Answer: 1855

    Question 16.
    When was the Elgin Mill started ?

    Answer: In 1860

    Question 17.
    Where was the Elgin Mill started ?

    Answer: Kanpur

    Question 18.
    When was the first cotton mill of Ahmedabad set up ?

    Answer: In 1861

    Question 19.
    When did the spinning and weaving mill of Madras begin production ?

    Answer: By 1874

    Question 20.
    What was Vasant Parkar ?

    Answer: Vasant Parkar was a mill worker in Bombay

    Question 21.
    What was Vasant Parkar closely associated with ?

    Answer: Vasant Parkar was closely associated with his village physically and emotionally

    Question 22.
    Who was Bhai Bhosle ?

    Answer: Bhai Bhosle was a trade unionist of Bombay

    Question 23.
    What were the provinces with large scale industries during the colonial period ?

    Answer: Bengal and Bombay

    Question 24.
    What were fitted to the handlooms to speed up production ?

    Answer: The fly shuttle

    Question 25.
    In which regions of India fly shuttles were used in large numbers ?

    Answer:

  • Travancore, Madras, Mysore, Cochin and Bengal
  • The proportion in the areas was 70 to 80 percent
    • Question 26.
    How did the British manufacturers try to expand their market ?

    Answer: Through advertisements

    Question 27.
    What happened to Bhai Bhosles father ?

    Answer: After working as a millworker for thirty five years, Bhai Bhosles father got the asthma like disease

    Question 28.
    What was the nationalist message ?

    Answer: The nationalist message was loud and clear. If you care for the nation, buy the products that .the Indians produce

    Question 29.
    What was the main function of the European Marketing Agencies ?

    Answer: The function of the European Marketing Agencies was to control a large sector of the Indiam Industries

    Question 30.
    Who was Will Thorne ? What did he do ?

    Answer: Will Thorne was a worker. He described how job seekers walked to London in search of work

    Question 31.
    Who survived the competition with mill industries ?

    Answer: Certain groups of weavers in India

    Question 32.
    Who wove finer varieties of cloth ?

    Answer: Indian weavers

    Question 33.
    What type of cloth did the poor buy ?

    Answer: Coarser cloth

    Question 34.
    Which did not affect the sale of Banarasi sarees ?

    Answer: Famines.

    Question 35.
    What could the mills not imitate ?

    Answer: Specialised weaves

    Question 36.
    What could not be easily displaced by mill production ?

    Answer: Saris with woven borders, the famous lungis and handkerchiefs of Madras

    Question 37.
    What type of workers did not prosper in the twentieth century ?

    Answer: Weavers and other crafts people

    Question 38.
    How are new consumers created ?

    Answer: Through advertisements

    Question 39.
    What was considered a mark of quality for the buyers ?

    Answer: The label

    Question 40.
    What did the labels carry ?

    Answer: The labels carried words, texts and beautifully illustrated images

    Question 41.
    What did the magistrate report ?

    Answer: The magistrate reported an incident when he was called in to protect a manufacturers property from being attacked by workers

    Question 42.
    In which year did the magistrate report ?

    Answer: In 1790

    Question 43.
    Who were Koshtis ?

    Answer: Koshtis were a community of weavers

    Question 44.
    What could the Koshtis not compete with ?

    Answer: The Koshtis could not compete with the showy goods of Manchester

    Question 45.
    Where did the Koshtis chiefly emigrate to ?

    Answer: The Koshtis chiefly emigrated to Berar

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