The Making of a Global World

The Making of a Global World AP 10th Class Social History 3rd Lesson Important Questions

AP 10th Class Social History 3rd Lesson Important

Questions: 8 Marks

Question 1.
Enumerate the importance of Silk Routes?

Answer:

• The silk routes are a good example of vibrant pre-modern trade and cultural links between the distant parts of the world
• The silk route was used by the Chinese traders to export silk to other countries
• These routes were used by traders to trade goods from one country to another
• Trade and cultural exchange always went hard in hand. Early Christian missionaries almost certainly travelled through this route to Asia, as did the early Muslim preachers, a few centuries later
• These routes were also used to spread religions Buddhism emerged from eastern India to spread it, several directions through intersecting points on the silk routes

Question 2.
Give three examples to show that the world changed with the discovery of new sea routes to America?

Answer:

1. Many common foods like potatoes, soya, tomatoes, maize, etc: were introduced to Europe from America
2. These crops made a difference between life and death
3. The poor began to eat better and live longer in England with the introduction of potatoes
4. Religious dissenters from Europe fled due to the fear of persecution in Europe and migrated to America
5. Slave trade had started. European traders captured slaves in Africa and took them to America where they worked on plantations.
6. Europe became the centre of the world trade
7. Precious metals like silver from mines located in present day Peru and Mexico also enhanced Europes wealth and financed its trade

Question 3.
Give some factors responsible for shift of trade westwards?

Answer:

1. Before Americas discovery, America had been cut off from regular contact with the rest of the world for millions of years
2. But from the 16th century, its vast lands, abundant crops and minerals began to transform trade and lives everywhere
3. Precious metals like silver from mines located in present day Peru and Mexico also enhanced Europes wealth and financed its trade with Asia
4. India and China were pre-eminent in Asian trade. But from 15th century China restricted overseas contacts and retreated into isolation
5. Chinas reduced role and the rising importance of Americas gradually moved the centre of world trade westwards
6. Europe now emerged as the centre of world trade

Question 4.
Why did Europeans flee to America in the 19th century ?

Answer: Europeans fled to America in the 19th century because

1. Until the 19th century, poverty and hunger were common in Europe
2. Cities were crowded and deadly diseases were widespread
3. Religious conflicts were common and religious dissenters were persecuted
4. Scrapping of Corn Laws, led to inability of British agriculture to compete with imports
5. Thousands of people were left unemployed due to agricultural land lying uncultivated. So, people migrated in thousands, crossed oceans to find employment and a better future
6. In America, plantations were growing cotton and sugar for the European market. These plantations were worked on by slaves

Question 5.
What was the result of the abolishing of Corn Laws?

Answer:

1. Food could be imported into Britain more cheaply than it could be produced with the Britain
2. British agriculture was unable to compete with the imports
3. As a result vast areas of land were left uncultivated and thousands of men and women were thrown out of work
4. The unemployed men and women moved to cities in great numbers and provided cheap labour to work in industries or migrated overseas
5. Food prices fell in Britain and consumption increased
6. From mid 19th century, Britain experienced faster industrial growth, higher incomes and therefore more food imports
7. Lands around the world in Eastern Europe, America, Russia and Australia were cleared and food production expanded to meet the demand from British

Question 6.
Explain how did the abolition of Corn Laws in Britain led to the emergence of a global agricultural economy?

Answer:

1. After the Corn Laws were scrapped, food could be imported into Britain more cheaply than it could be produced within the country
2. As food prices fell, consumption in Britain rose. From the mid-nineteenth century, faster industrial growth in Britain also led to higher incomes, and therefore more food imports
3. In Eastern Europe, Russia, America and Australia, lands were cleared and food production expanded to meet the British demand.
4. To meet the needs of transportation and housing, capital flowed from financial centres such as London
5. Thus by 1890, a global agricultural economy had taken shape, accompanied by complex changes in labour movement patterns, capital flows, ecologies and technology
6. Food no longer came from a nearby village or town, but from thousands of miles away and grown by an agricultural worker

Question 7.
The 19th century world of faster economic growth still brought misery for many". Explain?

Answer:

1. The 19th century was a world of faster economic growth as well as great misery for someone
2. Faster industrial growth in Britain led to higher incomes. So we can see faster economic growth her
3. But, hundreds and thousands of Indians and Chinese went to work on plantations, mines and railways etc
4. Indentured labourers were forced to sign contracts restricting travel to their homes for years
5. As a result, cottage industry declined. Land rents rose. Lands and forests were cleared for mines and plantations
6. Increase indebtedness among poor became common
7. Living and working conditions for the indentured labour was harsh and with few legal rights

Question 8.
Discuss ha brief the causes for the decline of Indian textiles?

Answer:

1. British textiles was the major reason for the ruin of textile industry in India
2. The machine made textiles imported from the Britain could be sold easily as they were cheap
3. Expansion of railway was also responsible for the decline of Indian textile industry
4. It helped t;he British to carry the imported textiles for port towns to interior villages
5. The cotton collected from the villages to the ports and then exported to Britain easily Like this the Indian weavers lost their business in villages also
6. Because of higher tax levied, the price of Indian textiles exported to Britain increased. So it lost the market in the Britain also

Question 9.
Discuss briefly the industrial practices adopted by Henry Ford to speed up the production of cars. How he tackled the problem of workers?

Answer:

1. A major development that took place in the 1920s in the US economy was the introduction of mass production
2. It was an important and notable feature of the industrial production of the country
3. Henry Ford had speeded up the production of cars using the assembly line system
4. Henry Ford had adopted this idea from the assembly line system of the slaughter houses in Chicago. He had noticed that the slaughtered animals were collected through a conveyer belt by the butchers
5. He then adopted this line into the production of cars. The idea behind this was that by the presence of a conveyor belt, the worker would work mechanically at an increased speed by doing the same work again and again
6. This would also lead to the absence of any delay of work as the product would be in front of the worker at a conveyor belt
7. This led to the production of cars only at a three minute interval
8. However, this also had a big disadvantage with the increase in the work and necessary speed required to do so, many workers started to quit
9. To retain the workers, Henry increased the wage to $ 5 in 1914. He also banned any form of trade unions
10. This method soon spread to other parts. Due to mass production the cost was decreased and demand for cars increased. The production of cars had increased from 2 million to 5 million within a span of 10 years from 1929 to 1939

Question 10.
How did the First World War was affect the US economy?

Answer:

• The First World War which took place mainly in Europe from 1914 to 19/18 had a profound impact on the economy of Britain
• After the war, Britain found it difficult to recapture its earlier position of dominance in the colonial market
• To finance war, expenditures, Britain had borrowed from the US. At the end of the war, Britain was burdened with huge external debts
• The large scale deaths and injuries in the First World War reduced the working age people in Europe, declined the family income and the women had to undertake jobs to run the family.
• The war had led to huge increase in demand, production, and employment
• The government reduced bloated war expenditures to bring them into line with peacetime revenues
• These developments led to huge job losses. In 1921, one in every five British workers was out of work
• During tbfe First World War the US became the international creditor from being international debtor because, to finance the war, British borrowed huge sums of money from the US banks and US public
• The debt mounted and thus Britain was not able to produce goods for exports

Question 11.
How did the First World War was affect India ?

Answer:

• The economic and political situation in India was altered by the First World War
• The Colonial Government of India ended up massively increasing the expenditure for defence
• The Colonial Government increased the taxes on business profits and individual incomes
• Business groups of India started to insist on more opportunities for development as the Indian industries had expanded during the war
• There was a sharp rise in prices due to increased demands for war supplies and military expenditure, which in turn posed lots of difficulties for common people
• Fabulous profits were reaped by business groups due to war which was completely in contrast to the situation of the common man.
• The First World War created a situation where imports from other countri es into India started reducing and there was higher demand for goods like rails, cloth, jute bags

Question 12.
What do you know about the Great Depression? Explain the mayor factors responsible for the Great Depression?

Answer:

1. The Great Depression is referred.to as the greatest and also the longest economic downturn or recession in modern history. It started in the USA. After that it effected the economies of the world
2. Prosperity in the USA during the 1920s created a cycle of higher employment and incomes
3. It led to rise in consumption and demands. More investment and more employment created tendencies of speculations which led to the Great Depression of 1929 upto the mid 1930s
4. Stock market crashed in 1929. It created panic among investors and depositors who stopped investing and depositing. As a result it created a cycle of depreciation
5. Failure of banks - some of the banks closed down when people withdrew all their assets, leaving them unable to invest
6. Some banks called back loans taken from them at the same dollar rate inspite of the falling value of dollar
7. It was worsened by British change in policy to value pound at the pre-war value

Question 13.
Describe the brief the destruction caused during the Second World War?

Answer:

1. Death and Destruction : More than 60 million people, or about 3 per cent of the worlds population, are believed to have been killed, directly or indirectly, as a result of the tear. Millions or more were injured too. Many big cities were reduced to ashes
2. Damage to Agriculture, Trade and Industries : The World War II caused a great damage taagriculture, trade and commerce. The terrible battles fought in different countries, made large tracts of land infertile. Lakhs of industries were destroyed which caused a severe damage to the industrial production. Many industries were closed down in the absence of sufficient raw materials
3. Increase in Soviet Russias Power and Prestige : The Second World War boosted up the power and prestige of the Soviet Union. Russian influence started increasing in the international held, and many countries got attracted towards communism
4. USA becomes a Super Power: The World War II made USA the supreme power of the world Undoubtedly, the USA played an important role in the victory of the Allies. After the war, no European country was either as powerful or as prosperous as the United States of America (USA)
5. New Economic System: The main aim of the post-war international economic system was to preserve economic stability and full employment in the industrial world. The Bretton Woods conference established the International Monetary Fund IMF to deal with external surpluses and deficits its member nations. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (popularly known as the World Bank) was set up to finance post-war reconstruction

Question 14.
What is meant by the Bretton Woods Agreement ?

Answer: The Bretton Woods Conference took place in the July of 1944 at Bretton Woods in New Hampshire, USA. Under this system, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) were established

The main terms of this agreement were :

• Formation of IMF and IBRD (also called the World Bank)
• To establish monetary cooperation amongst the member countries
• Adjustable peg foreign exchange rates system was followed i.e., the exchange rates were fixed, with the provision of changing them if necessary. Currencies were required to be convertible for trade related and other current account transactions. The governments, however, had the power to regulate capital flows
• All member countries were required to subscrible to the IMFs capital

Question 15.
Describe any five factors that led to the end of the Bretton Woods system and the beginning of globalisation?

Answer: The important reasons behind the end of Bretton Woods system are

1. Decline in economic power of the USA

• US dollar no longer commanded confidence in the Worlds principal currency
• US dollar could not maintain its value in relation to Gold
• Collapse of fixed exchange rates and introduction of floating exchange rates

1. Change in the International Financial System

• The International Monetary Fund and the World Bank were created to meet the financial needs of the industrial countries
• International financial system changed and developing countries were forced to borrow from Western Commerical Banks
• This led to periodic debt crisis in the developing world, increased poverty in Africa . and Latin/America

1. Unemployment in industrialised countries

• Industrial world was hit by unemployment
• The number of unemployed started rising and people trudged long distances looking for any work they could find

1. Shifting of Production Enterprises : MNCs shifted their production units to Asian countries because of cheap labour and low wages
2. Changes in China

• China became an attractive destination for investment by foreign MNCs
• China which had been cut off from the postwar world economy, since its revolution in 1949,, has now come back into the fold of the world economy
• Its new economic policies and the collapse of the Soviet Union has led to it. Low cost structure of the Chinese economy, its low wages, has flooded the world market with Chiqese goods

Question 16.
Explain the difference between fixed exchanged rate and floating exchange rate?

Answer: Fixed rate of exchange refers to the rate of exchange as fixed by the government. Historically, it has two variants, Gold standard system of exchange rate and Bretton Woods system of exchange rate. Flexible floating rate of exchange is the rate which is determined by the supply- demand forces in the foreign exchange market. It is also called free exchange rate as it is determined by the free play of supply and demand forces in the international money market. When the exchange rate falls, imports rise since import is a component of the demand of foreign exchange and exports fall as export is a component of the supply of foreign exchange

Question 17.
Why the 19th century indentured has been described as a "new system of slavery" ?

Answer:

1. It was a world of faster economic growth as well as greater misery, higher income lor some, and poverty for others, technological advances in some areas, and new forms of exploitation in others. In India, indentured labourers were hired under contracts which promised the return travel to India, after they had worked lor five years on their employers plantation
2. Most of the indentured workers migrated in hope for a bright future, but they were exploited by the recruiting agent and by the employer. They had to pay a commission to the recruiting agent. The agents used to provides false information to the workers regarding their final destination, modes of travel, the nature of work and living and working conditions. Sometimes agents even forcibly abducted less willing migrants

Question 18.
What methods were used by the European employers to recruit and retain the African labourers?

Answer: The European employers found it difficult to recruit labour in Africa because historically. Africa had abundant land and a relatively small population. For centuries, land and livestock sustained African livelihood and people rarely worked for wages. Methods to recruit and retain labour

• Heavy taxes: The Colonial government started imposing heavy taxes which could be paid only by working for wages on plantations and mines
• New inheritance laws : Inheritance laws were changed so that the peasants were displaced from land - only one member of a family was allowed to inherit land, others were pushed into the labour market
• Restriction on movement: Miners were also enclosed in compounds, and were not allowed to move about freely

Question 19.
In the 19th century, all over the world more than 150 million people migrated from one country to another. Explain the factors responsible for this migration?

Answer:

1. Abolition of Corn Laws and free trade : The scrapping of the Corn Laws laid the foundation of free trade. Now, food could be imported or exported into Britain freely
2. New economic activities : The free trace led to development of railways and new ports. People had to settle or, the lands to bring them under cultivation. This meant building homes and settlements. All the construction activities needed labour. The demand for labour in places where labour was in short supply led to migration
3. Role of technology: The railways, steamships, lighter wagons helped the people to move from one country to another
4. Imperialism : The wave of imperialism engulfed the whole world and due to this people migrated from one nation to another
5. Different flows: The flow of trade accompanied with capital paved way for the flow oflabour.

Question 20.
G-77 can be seen as a reaction to the activities of Bretton Woods Twins. Explain the statement with five arguments?

Answer:

• The Bretton Woods Twins - the IMF and the World Bank were dominated by the former colonial powers. As a result, most developihg countries did not benefit from the fast growth that the western economies experienced in die 1950s and 1960s. So, they organised themselves as a group - the group of 77 of G-77 to demand a new international economic order
• Former colonial powers exploited the natural resources for developing nations through the IMF and the World Bank
• The developing nations organised themselves into G-77 so as to gain real control over then natural resources
• They wanted to get more development assistance and fairer prices for raw materials
• They also wanted a better opportunity for their manufactured goods in the markets of developed nations

Question 21.
Briefly explain any three features of late 19th century colonialism?

Answer:

• Trade flourished and markets expanded in the late 19th century
• This period was not only the period of increased prosperity but also it had darken side
• We can observe loss of freedom and livelihoods with the close relationship between expansion of trade and world economy
• In 1885 European powers met at Berlin and partioned Africa among them
• Britain and France made many overseas colonies
• Belgium and Germany became new colonial powers
• The US also became a colonial power in the late 1890s by taking over some colonies from Spain

Question 22.
Explain how the First World War was so horrible a war like none other before?

Answer:

1. The First World War saw the use of machine guns, tanks, aircraft, chemical weapons etc., on a massive scale
2. These were all increasingly products of modern large-scale industry
3. To fight the war millions of soldiers were recruited from around the world and moved to the front lines on large ships and trains
4. The scale of death and destruction - 9 million dead and 20 million injured - was unthinkable before the industrial age, without the use of industrial arms
5. Most of those killed and maimed were men of working age which reduced the able bodied workforce in Europe with less earning members in a family, household income declined
6. During the war not only industries but entire societies were reorganised. As women started doing jobs that earlier only men were expected to do
7. Heavy borrowings from the US banks due to the war tranformed the US from being a international debtor to an international creditor

Question 23.
Explain the effects of the Great Depression of 1929 on the US?

Answer:

1. With the fall in prices and the prospect of a Depression, the US banks also slashed domestic lending and called back loans
2. Farmers were unable to sell their harvests
3. Many households in the US could not repay what they had borrowed and were forced to give up their homes, cars and other consumer durables
4. Industrial production registered a fall of about 35%
5. The number of unemployed started rising and by 1933 it reached about 17 million
6. As unemployment soared people went away to far places
7. Ultimately the US banking system itself collapsed

Question 24.
What was the main aim of the post-war international economic system? Mention two Bretton Woods institutions established in 1944 with their objectives?

Answer: The aim of post-war international economic system was

• To preserve economic stability
• Full employment in the industrial world
• The Bretton Woods institutions established were
• the International Monetary Fund (IMF)
• The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (Popularly known as the World Bank)
• Objective of the IMF was to deal with external surpluses and deficits of its member nation
• Objective of the World Bank was to finance post war reconstruction

Question 25.
What were the impacts of the Bretton Wood system ?

Answer:

1. Bretton Woods system inaugurated an era of unprecedented growth of trade and income for the Western industrial nations and Japan
2. It provided a big boost to the world trade which grew annually at over 8 per cent between 1950 and 197,0 and incomes at nearly 5 per cent
3. The growth was also mostly stable, without large fluctuations
4. The system also controlled the unemployment which averaged less than 5 per cent in most industrial countries
5. These decades also saw the worldwide spread of technology and enterprise. Developing countries were in a hurry to catch up with the advanced industrial countries. Therefore, they invested vast amounts of capital, importing industrial plans and equipment featuring modern technology

Question 26.
a) Locate and label the following items on the given map appropriate symbols?

1. Persian Gulf
2. Macha
3. Mombasa
4. Bangkok

Answer: Locate and label the following items on the given map with appropriate symbols

1. Red sea
2. Batava
3. Alexandria
4. Madras

Answer:

Question 27.
Locate the following in the map of Africa?

1. Red sea
2. Ethiopia
3. Rhodesia
4. Madagascar
5. Atlantic Ocean
6. French Sudan
7. Morocco
8. Congo
9. Angola
10. Eritrea

Answer:

Question 28.
Observe the map and answer the following : Locate four trade routes that linked India to the world at the end of seventeeth century?

Answer:

AP 10th Class Social History 3rd Lesson Important Questions: 4 Marks

Question 1.
Mention some of the factors that have gone into the making of the global world?

Answer:

• of trade
• of migration
• of people in search of work
• the movement of capital and much else

Question 2.
Human societies have been linked/interdependent since ancient times. Support your answer with suitable examples?

Answer:

1. From ancient times, human societies were linked as travellers, traders, priests and piligrims and travelled vast distances in search of knowledge, opportunity, for spiritual fulfilment or to escape persecution
2. They carried goods, money, values, skills, ideas, inventions and even germs and diseases. Examples
3. Reniains from Indus Valley Civilisation dating to 3000 B.C. reflect active coastal links with West Asia
4. Cowries, used as a form of currency in India, have been found in China and East Africa pointing to active trade links
5. Old silk routes are also pointers to vibrant trade and cultural links

Question 3.
Describe the importance of the silk routes?

Answer:

• Silk routes are a good example of vibrant pre-modern trade and cultural links between distance parts of the world
• Silk routes were spread over land and sea knitting together vast regions of Asia and linking with Europe and Africa
• Chinese pottery, textiles and spices travelled to Europe from India
• In return precious metals gold and silver flowed from Europe to Asia
• Buddhism, Christian missionaries, Muslim preachers also travelled through this route to Asia

Question 4.
"Silk routes are a good example of vibrant pre-modern trade and cultural links between distant parts of the world". Examine the statement?

Answer:

• Historians identified several silk routes, over land and by sea, knitting together vast regions of Asia and linking Asia with Europe and Northern Africa
• Chinese pottery also travelled the same route, as did textiles and spices from India and South-east Asia
• In return, precious metals such as gold and silver flowed from Europe and Asia

Question 5.
"Food offers many examples of long distance cultural exchange". Justify this statement?

Answer:

1. Traders and travellers introduced new crops to the lands they travelled
2. It is believed that noodles travelled West from China to become Spaghetti
3. Arab traders took pasta to Sicily, an island now in Italy in 5th century
4. Many of our common foods such as potatoes, soya, groundnut, maize, tomatoes, chillies, sweet potatoes and so on were not known to our ancestors

Question 6.
How the crops make the difference between life and death?

Answer:

• Europes poor began to eat better and live longer with the introduction of potato
• Irelands poorest peasants became so dependent on potatoes that when disease destroyed the potato crop in 1840s, hundreds and thousands died of starvation
• Like this the crop made the difference between life and death

Question 7.
The pre-modern world shrank greatly in the 16th century. Explain?

Answer:

• The European sailors found a sea route to Asia and successfully crossed the western . ocean to America
• The Portuguese and the Spanish conquests and colonialisation of America was decisively under way by the mid 16th century
• Precious metals, particularly silver, from mines located in presently Peru and Mexico enhanced Europes wealth and financed its trade with Asia
• So, we can say that the pre-modern world shrank greatly in the 16th century

Question 8.
Why did thousands of people flee away from Europe to America in the 19th century? Give three reasons?

Answer:

• Until the 19th century, poverty and hunger were common in Europe
• Cities where crowded and deadly diseases were widespread
• Religious conflicts were common and religious dissenters were persecuted
• Thus, to escape from all the above and for a better future thousands of people flee away from Europe to America in the 19th century

Question 9.
"Economists of the 19th century identify three types of movements or flows within international economic exchanges". Explain?

Answer:

1. The flow of trade : The flow of trade refers largely to trade in goods. Example : Wheat travelled from Russia, America and Australia to Britain
2. The flow of labour: This includes the migration of people in search of employment. Example : More than 50 million.people migrated from Europe to America and Australia in search of jobs
3. The movement of capital: This covers the movement of capital for short-term or long-term investment over long distances. Example : Capital flowed from financial centres such as London to other parts of the world

Question 10.
Why were the Corn Laws abolished? What was the result of abolishing the laws?

Answer:

• The laws allowing the British Government to restrict the import of Corn is know as the Com Laws
• These laws were abolished because the industrialists and urban dwellers were unhappy with high food prices as a result of which they forced the abolition of the Corn Laws
• After the abolition of the Corn Laws food can be imported into Britain at a much cheaper price

Question 11.
Mention any three effects of the British Governments decision for the abolition of the Corn Laws?

Answer:

• Food could be imported into Britain at much cheaper rate than it would be produced within the country
• British agriculture was unable to compete with imports. Vast areas of land were left uncultivated and people started migrating to cities or other countries
• As food prices fell, consumption in Britain rose
• Faster industrial growth in Britain also led to higher incomes and therefore more food impbrts

Question 12.
Why there was a need for clearing lands in Europe during the 19th century? Explain any three reasons?

Answer:

• Due to high population, the demand for foodgrains went up
• To fulfill the need for eatables, foodgrains, vegetables, fruits etc., land was cleared for agriculture
• Railways were needed to link the agricultural regions to the ports
• New harbours had to be built and the old ones expanded to ship the new cargoes
• People had to settle on the lands to bring them under cultivation. For this they had tp build homes and settlements

Question 13.
World traide transformed between 1820 and 1914. Explain?

Answer:

• Between 1820 and 1914,60% of the world trade comprised primary products that is agricultural products like wheat, cotton and minerals such as coal
• Cotton production expanded worldwide to feed British textile industry
• Between 1820 and 1914 world trade is estimated to have multiplied 25 to 40 times
• Regional specialisation in production of commodities developed rapidly

Question 14.
What was Rinderpest? How did it adversely affect the lives and fortunes of the Africans?

Answer:

• Rinderpest was a fast-spreading disease of cattle plague that had a terrifying impact on peoples livelihoods and the local economy in Africa during 1890s
• Rinderpest killed 90% of cattle in Africa
• The loss of cattle destroyed African livelihoods. Thus, they were forced to work for wages
• Control over the scarce resource-of-cattle enabled European colonisers to conquer and subdue Africa

Question 15.
How did Europeans manage to surmount the problem of shortage of labour in Africa?

Answer:

• Heavy taxes were imposed which could be paid only by working for wages on plantations and mines
• Inheritance laws were changed so that peasants were displaced from land
• Due to rinderpest disease 90% the cattle died. The loss of cattle destroyed African livelihoods
• Employers monopolised the remaining cattle to iorce Africans into the labours market

Question 16.
How rinderpest reached Africa?

Answer:

• It was carried by the infected cattle imported from the British Asia
• The cattle was to feed Italian soldiers invading Eritrea in East Africa
• After entering Africa in the east, it moved like forest fire. By 1892 it had reached Africas Atlantic Coast
• By 1897, rinderpest had spread to the Cape, Africas southern tip

Question 17.
"19th century indenture has been described as a new system of slavery". Explain any 3 points

Answer:

• Agents did convince migrants by providing false information about final destinations, modes of travel, the nature of work and living and working conditions
• Sometime agents even forcibly abducted less willing migrants
• On arrival, at the plantations, labourers found living and working conditions harsh and there were a few legal rights

Question 18.
Explain indentured labour with the help of an example?

Answer:

1. A bonded labour under a contract to work for an employer for a specific period of time, to pay off his passage a new country or home
2. In the 19th century, hundreds of thousands of Indian and Chinese labourers went to work on plantations, in mines and in roads and railway construction projects around the world
3. In India, indentured labourers were hired under contracts which promised the return travel to India after they had worked five years on their employers plantation

Question 19.
Mention any four factors responsible for indentured labour?

Answer:

• Decline of cottage industry in India
• Increase in land rents
• Loss of cattle wealth due to rinderpest in Africa
• Unemployment and poverty

Question 20.
What were the destinations of Indian indentured migrants?

Answer:

• Caribbean Islands (mainly Trinidad, Guyana and Surinam)
• Mauritius and Fiji
• Tamil migrants went to Ceylon (Present day Sri Lanka) and Malaya (Malaysia)
• Indentured workers were also recruited for tea plantations in Assam

Question 21.
Mention any three own ways of surviving discovered by indentured workers?

Answer:

1. After the 19th century indentured labourers discovered their own ways of survival
2. The annual Muharram processioffwas converted into a riotous carnival called Hosay in which workers of-all races and religions joined in Trinidad
3. The protest religion of Rastafarianism made famous by the Jamaican reggae star Bob Marley is also said to reflect social and cultured with Indian migrants to the Caribbean
4. Chutney music popular in Trinidad and Guyana, was another creative contemporary expression of the post indenture experience
5. These forms of cultural are part of the making of the global world, where things from different places get mixed, lose their original identity and become entirely new

Question 22.
Discuss briefly the features of Indian Entrepreneur Abroad?

Answer:

• The Shikaripuri Shroffs and Nattukottai Chettiars were amongst the many groups of bankers and traders who financed export agriculture in Central and South-east Asia
• They used either their own funds or those borrowed from European bank
• They had a sophisticated system to transfer money over large distances and even developed indigenous forms of corporate organisation
• Indian traders and moneylenders also followed European colonisers into Africa
• Hyderabadi Sindhi traders ventured beyond European colonies. From the 1860s they established flourishing emporia at busy ports worldwide selling local and imported curios to tourists

Question 23.
What does the term triangular trade refer to?

Answer:

• The triangular trade refers to the trade between England, India and China in the 18th century
• The British grew opium in India
• Opium was exported to China from India
• With the money earned from this sale, the Britain imported tea and others from China to India and Britain
• Britain also used this money, which was trade surplus, to use trade deficit with other countries

Question 24.
Define the term trade surplus. How was the income received from trade surplus with India used by Britain ?

Answer:

1. When the value of exports is higher them value of imports, it is called Trade Surplus
2. Britain used this surplus to balance its trade deficits with other countries - that is with countries from which Britain was importing more them it was selling to
3. This is how a multi lateral settlement system works it allows one countrys deficit with another country to be settled by its surplus with a third Country
4. India played a crucial role in the late 19th century world economy by helping Britain in balancing its deficits
5. Britains trade surplus in India also helped to pay the home charges which included private remittances by British officials and traders, interest payments on Indias external debit and pensions of British officials in India

Question 25.
"India played a curcial role in the late 19th century world economy". Explain by giving an example?

Answer:

1. Trade surplus : Britain had a trade surplus with India, i.e., situation under which the value of exports is more than the imports. Britain used this surplus to balance its trade deficit with other countries
2. Home charges : Britains trade surplus in India also helped to pay the so called ,home charges that included private remittances home by British officials and traders, interest payments on Indias external debts and pensions of the British officials in India
3. Major supplier of cotton : India remained a major supplier of raw cotton to Britain which was required to feed the cotton textile industry of Britain
4. Supplier of indentured workers : Many indentured workers from Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Central India migrated to other countries to work in mines and plantations

Question 26.
What were the advantages of Assembly line production?

Answer:

• Assembly line production helps in the mass production of a good
• It helps in creating more job opportunities and better living standards
• It helps in upskilling the population
• It lowered costs and prices of engineered goods
• Prices of costly items like refrigerators and washing machines came down and can be bought on monthly or weekly installments
• In the US car production rose from 2 million in 1919 to more than 5 million in 1929

Question 27.
Explain with an example of the jute growers of Bengal, the affect of the depression on the peasants and farmers?

Answer:

• The jute producers in Bengal grew raw jute and process it in factories for export in the form of gunny bags
• But, exports of gunny bags collapsed and the price of raw jute crashed more than 60%
• Peasants who borrowed with the hope of higher income, faced lower prices, and fell down into debt
• Peasants indebtedness increased
• They used up their savings to meet their expenses

Question 28.
How did Indian gold exports promote global economic recovery according to John Maynard Keynes?

Answer:

• With the decline in the prices of agricultural goods, peasants indebtedness increased across India
• Peasants, used their savings, mortgaged lands and sold the precious metals they had to meet their expenses
• Thus helped speed up Britains recovery. But Indian peasant benefitted a little only

Question 29.
What was mass production? What was its impact on world economy of earlier 20th century?

Answer: Production of goods on large-scale with the help of machines is known as mass production. Impacts

1. Mass production lowered costs and prices of engineered goods Thanks to higher wages, more workers could nowafford to purchase durable consumer goods such as cars. Car production in US rose from 2 million in 1919 to more than 5 million in 1929
2. The demand for refrigerators, washing machines, etc. was also fuelled by a boom in house construction and home ownership, financed once again by loans
3. The housing and consumer boom of the 1920s created the basis of prosperity in the US. Large investments in housing and household goods seemed to create a cycle of higher employment and incomes, rising consumption demand, more investment, and yet more employment and incomes

Question 30.
Explain any three factors that led to the Great Depression?

Answer:

• Post World War economy of the world was fragile. Agricultural over production was a problem. As prices slumped, farm produce rotted
• Many countries financed loans from the US
• US overseas lenders panicked at the sign of financial crisis
• Thus, banks were bankrupt and were forced to close down in Europe and in the US because they were unable to recover investments, collect loans and repay depositors
• American capitalists stopped all the loans

Question 31.
How did the Great Depression of 1929 affect the Indian trade?

Answer:

• Indian exports and imports were halved between 1928 and 1934
• As internation prices crashed, prices in India also plunged
• Peasants and farmers suffered more than urban dwellers
• Peasants producing for the world market were the worst hit
• Town dwelling landowners and middle - class salaried employees found themselves better off as everything cost less

Question 32.
How did Henry Ford revolutionaise mass production in the US ?

Answer:

• Henry Ford adopted the assembly line of a Chicago slaughterhouse to his new car plant in Detroit
• The assembly line allowed a faster and cheaper way of producing vehicles. It forced workers to repeat a single task mechanically and continuously
• This increased their efficiency in the single task and the speed of production too
• Standing in front of the conveyer belt, no worker could delay the motion or take a break
• In the beginning many workers quit, since they could not cope up with the stress of work
• Henry Ford doubled their wages and against that he not only increased the speed of the conveyer belt but also banned trade unions

Question 33.
Explain any four measures adopted by the US for post war (World War I) recovery?

Answer:

• USA moved towards mass production which lowered the cost of production
• Due to lower cost of production producers started giving higher wages to the worker
• The demand for common household products boomed the housing sector
• The housing and consumer boom of the 1920s created the basis of prosperty in the US. Large investments in housing and household goods seemed to create a cycle of higher employment and incomes; rising consumption demand, more investment, and yet more employment and incomes
• In 1923, the US resumed exporting capital to the rest of the world and became the largest overseas lender

Question 34.
What were the major economic effects of World War-II?

Answer:

• Vast areas of Asia and Europe were deeply affected
• The US emerged as the worlds dominant political, military and economic power
• It also saw the emergence of the Soviet Union as a super power. As leader of the Communist bloc, it posed a great threat to the capitalist economy
• The IMF and the World Bank were set up to ensure economic stability

Question 35.
Explain the impact of the World War-I on Britain?

Answer:

1. The post-war economic recovery proved difficult as the heavy expenditure on the World War I weakened the British economy
2. While Britain was preoccupied with war, industries had development in Japan and India. So now Britain had to face competition from these countries, especially from Japan
3. To finance war expenditures. Britain had borrowed liberally from the United States (US). This meant that at the end of the war. Britain was burdened with huge external debts
4. The war had led to an economic boom, i.e., to a large increase in demand, production, prices and employment. When the war boom ended production contracted, employment and unemployment increased
5. The economic hardship of the war period forced the people of British colonies against them. For example, Non-Cooperation movement was launched in India

Question 36.
What was the impact of World War-I on agricultural economies ?

Answer:

• The agricultural economies also suffered from First World War
• Before the war, Eastern Europe was a major supplier of wheat in the world market
• The supply was disrupted during the World War wheat production of Canada, America and Australia expanded dramatically
• But once the war was over, production in Eastern Europe revived and created a glut in the wheat output
• Grain prices fell, rural income declined and farmers fell deeper into debt

Question 37.
What was the impact of industrialisation in Britain on Indian economy?

Answer:

1. With industrialisation, the British cotton manufacturers begah to expand and industrialists pressurised the government to restrict the cotton imports, and protect the local industries. Tariffs were imposed on cloth imports into Britain. Consequently, the inflow of fine Indian cotton began to decline
2. From the early nineteenth century, British manufacturers also began to search the overseas markets for their cloth
3. The British machine textile produces started giving a tough competition to the Indian textile industry at home
So there was a decline in the share of cotton textiles from some 30 per cent around 1800 to 15 per cent by 1815. By the 1870s, this proportion had dropped to below 3 percent

Question 38.
What were the steps taken by the economists and politicians of the world to meet the global economic crisis that arose after the Second World War?

Answer: The steps take are as follows

• Bretton Woods Conference established IMF to deal with external surplus and deficit of its members
• The World Bank was set up to finance postwar reconstruction
• Bretton Woods System was based on fixed exchange rates
• Dollar was anchored to gold at a fixed price

Question 39.
When was the Bretton Woods Conference convened? State the main aim of the conference?

Answer:

• The Bretton Woods Conference .was convened in July, 1944 at Bretton Woods in New Hampshire, USA
• Its main aim was to preserve economic stability and full employment in the industrial world
• The Conference established International Monetary Fund (IMF) find the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank)

Question 40.
Explain the role of Bretton Woods institutions in Post-Second World War was settlement?

Answer: Role of the Bretton Woods Institution

• It inaugurated an era of unprecedented growth of trade and incomes for the western industrial nation
• World trade,grew
• Incomes o/people in western countries grew
• The growth was stable without fluctuations
• The unemployment rate reduced
• There was world wide spread of technology and enterprise

Question 41.
Mention three reasons for the creation of International Monetary Fund and the World Bank?

Answer:

1. The International Monetary Fund and the World Bank were created to meet the financial needs of the industrial countries
2. When Japan and Europe rapidly rebuilt economies, they became less dependent on the IMF and the World Bank
3. Thus, from the late 1950s the Bretton Woods Institutions, World Bank and IMF, began to turn their attention towards newly developing countries
4. The newly independent countries facing problems of poverty came under the guidance of international agencies dominated by the former colonial powers

Question 42.
Explain the role of New International Economic Order (NIEO)?

Answer: The Group of 77 or G-77 demanded a New International Economic Order (NIEO). By the NIEO they meant a system that would give them :

• Actual control over their natural resources
• More development assistance
• Fairer prices for their raw materials
• Better access for their manufactured goods in developed countries markets

Question 43.
Explain the circumstances responsible for the formation of G-77?

Answer: The developing countries were not benefitted from the fast-growing western economies so they organized together and formed a Group of 77 which is commonly referred to as Gr77 and demanded a new international economic order. Their demand for NIEO was to get the real control over their own natural resources, development assistance, and fairer prices for the raw materials and access for their manufactured goods in the markets of the developed nations

Question 44. Why did most of the developing countries organise themselves as a group - the Group. G-77 ?

Answer:

1. The developing countries came under the guidance of IMF and World Bank which were dominated by the former colonial powers in order to uplift their economies
2. Former colonial powers exploited the natural resources of developing nations through IMF and World Bank
3. The developing nations organised themselves into G-77 so as to gain real control over their natural resources, to get more development assistance and fairer prices fo raw materials
4. They also wanted a better opportunity for their manufactured good in the markets of developing nations

Question 45.
The relocation of industry to low-wage countries stimulated world trade and capital flows. Justify the statement?

Answer:

• MNCs shafted their production units to Asian countries because of cheap labour and low wages
• Availability of raw materials and a large market
• Effects: It stimulated world trade and the flow of capital. Countries like India, China and Brazil underwent a rapid economic transformation. It generated employment opportunities and introduced competition in the domestic markets

Question 46.
What were the limitations of the IMF and the World Bank ?

Answer:

• Both IMF and the World Bank were set up to finance post war economic reconstrution of the industrial countries
• They were not equipped to cope with the challenge of poverty and lack of development in the former colonies
• Decisions in these institutions were controlled by the western industrial powers
• The US has an effective right to veto over the IMF and the World Bank decisions

Question 47.
Why Chinabecame attractive destination for investments by the foreign MNCs?

Answer: China became on attractive destination for investment by foreign MNCs in the 19th and 20th centuries because

• Wages were relatively low in countries like China
• This is because of the low-cost structure of the Chineseeconomy, most importantly its low wages
• TVs, mobile phones and toys we see in the shops seem to be made in China

Question 48.
In 19th century Britains self-sufficiency in food grains meant lower living standards and social conflict. Why was this so?

Answer:

1. Population in Britain increased from the late 18th century and the demand for food grains also increased
2. As urban centres expanded and industry grew, the demand for agricultural products, pushing up food grain prices
3. Under the pressure from the landed groups, the government also restricted the import of corn by laws commonly known as the Corn Laws
4. Industrial growth was preferred as grain could be imported at cheaper prices as compared to domestic prices
5. Industrialisation was considered more profitable than agriculture

Question 49.
Why there was a need for Clearing lands in Britain during the 19th century?

Answer:

1. High demand for foodgrains : Population in Britain grew at a very fast rate in the late 18th century. Due to high population the demand for foodgrains went up. To fulfil the need for foodgrains land was cleared
2. Railway : It was not enough merely to clear lands for agriculture. Railways were needed to link the agricultural regions to the ports. So land was cleared to lay new railway lines
3. New harbours: Land was also cleared to build new harbours and old ones expanded to ship the new cargoes
4. Homes and settlements : People had to settle on the land to bring them under cultivation This meant building homes and settlements

Question 50.
Before the arrival of outsiders most of the Africans had little reason to work for a wage. Give reasons?

Answer:

• Africa had plenty of land and livestock and relatively small population before the arrival of outsiders
• Agriculture and cattle rearing sustained African livelihoods
• Most of the villages and families were self-sufficient. So, there was little reason for them to work for a wage
• In the late 19th century Africa, there were a few consumer goods that wages could buy

Question 51.
"The Multi National Companies (MNCs) choose China as an alternative location for investment". Explain the statement?

Answer:

• Since the Resolution in 1949, China gradually came in the field of world economy. It attracted the foreign MNCs because of its lowest economic structure
• Wages were relatively low
• China had the largest population besides labour. They also formed a large consumer base

Question 52.
Mention the reasons for the creation of IMF and the World Bank?

Answer:

• The International Monetary Fund and the World Bank were created to meet the financial needs of the industrial countries
• When Japan and Europe rapidly rebuilt economies, they became less dependent on the IMF and the World Bank
• Thus, from the late 1950s the Breffon Woods Institutions, World Bank and IMF, began to turn their attention towards newly developing countries
• The newly independent countries facing problems of poverty came under the guidance of international agencies dominated by the former colonial powers

AP 10th Class Social History 3rd Lesson Important

Questions: 2 Marks

Question 1.
What were the steps taken by the British Government to improve agriculture in West Punjab?

Answer:

• A network of irrigation canals was built
• The canal colonies were settled by peasants from other parts of Punjab

Question 2.
Till the 1870s meat was an expensive luxury beyond the reach of the European poor". Give reason?

Answer:

• Before 1870s animals were shipped live from America to Europe and the slaughtered
• Live animals took a lot of space, many died during voyage, fell ill, lost weight or became unfit to eat them
• So the cost of meat was high till the 1870s

Question 3.
How meat charges were lowered in Britain?

Answer:

• Animals were slaughted in starting point and transported to Europe as frozen meat
• Because of no wastage the prices were lowered in Britain

Question 4.
How indentured workers were exploited by the recruiting agents ?

Answer:

• Recruiting agents provided false information about fined destination, models of travel, the nature of work and living and working conditions
• Sometimes agents even forcibly abducted less willing wages

Question 5.
What was the importance Hosay?

Answer:

• In Trinidad the annual Muharram procession was transferred into a riotous carnival called Hosay
• It was one of the way to preserve the culture by indentured labourers

Question 6.
What did Britain do with the opium that grew in India?

Answer:

• Britain grew opium in India, and exported it to China
• With the money earned, it financed its tea and other imports from China

Question 7.
How Britain used the trade surplus received from India?

Answer:

• Trade surplus helped to Britain to pay home charges that included private remittances home by British officials and traders
• Interest payments on Indias external debt and pensions of British officials in India

Question 8.
Give flames of the two power blocs that fought the First World War?

Answer: The two power blocs that fought the First World War were

• The Allies : Britain, France, and Russia (later US joined)
• The Central powers : Germany, Australia - Hungary and Ottoman Turkey

Question 9.
Which two crucial influences, shaped post-war reconstruction?

Answer:

• USA emerged as the dominant economic, political and military power in the western world
• Dominance of the Soviet Union

Question 10.
Why were IMF and International Bank for Reconstruction and Development formed?

Answer:

• IMF - To deal with external surpluses and deficits of its member nations
• International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank) - To find post-war reconstruction

Question 11.
What were the limitations of IMF and the World Bank?

Answer:

• They were not equipped to cope with the challenge of poverty and lack of development in the former colonies
• They were controlled by USA as it had Veto power

Question 12.
On what the Bretton Woods system was based on ?

Answer: Bretton Woods system was based on fixed exchange rates. In this system, national currencies, for example the Indian rupee was pegged to the dollar at a fixed exchange rate. The dollar itself was anchored to gold at a fixed price of $ per ounce of gold

Question 13.
Mention any two modes of exchange of ideas and goods in the ancient world?

Answer: Two modes of exchange in the ancient world are

• Ideas were exchanged through travellers, missionaries or explorers
• Goods were exchanged through trade

Question 14.
Which foods were introduced in Europe and Asia, in the aftermath of Columbuss discovery of Americas?

Answer:

• Potatoes, tomatoes, soya, groundnuts, maize, chillies, sweet potatoes came to Asia and Europe from Americas original inhabitants - the American Indians (Red Indians)
• These items were not known to our ancestors

Question 15.
What happened at the Congress of Berlin in 1885?

Answer:

• In 1885 the big European powers met in Berlin to complete the carving up of Africa between them
• The Conference was held in the capital city of Germany, Berlin
• The Berlin Conference established the legal claim by European that all of Africa could be occupied by who moves could take it

Question 16.
Why Europeans were attracted to Africa in the late 19th century?

Answer:

• Europeans were attracted due to the resources of land and minerals of Africa
• They came to Africa to establish plantations and exploit mines
• African countries were militarily weak and backward. So, it became easy to conquer Africa

Question 17.
"Before the arrival of outsiders most of the Africans had little reason to work for a wage". Give reasons?

Answer:

• Africa had abundant land and a relatively small population
• Land and livestock sustained African livelihoods
• People rarely worked for a wage. There were a few consumer goods that wages could buy

Question 18.
In 1820s, India was the single largest exporter of which commodity?

Answer:

• In 1820s, India was the single largest exporter of opium to China
• Britain grew opium in India and exported it to China
• With the money earned from this sale, it financed its tea and other imports from China

Question 19.
Explain the statement "The war transformed the US from being a international debtor to an international creditor?

Answer:

• After the end of the First World War? the US and its citizens owned more overseas assets than foreign governments and citizens owned in the US
• So the war transformed the US from being a international debtor to an international creditor

Question 20.
Why was household incomes declined after the First World War? Mention the reasons?

Answer:

• Most of the killed and maimed were men of working age
• These deaths and injuries reduced the able - bodied workforce in Europe
• With fewer members within the family, household incomes declined after the war

Question 21.
Name the country from which Britain borrowed large sums of money during the World War-I?

Answer:

• Britain borrowed large sum of money from the US banks during the World War-I
• This was to fund the country in terms of military weapons, food supplies etc
• This made the US an international creditor

Question 22.
Which class of people in India underwent lesser impact of the Great Depression ?

Answer:

• The urban class of India underwent lesser impact of the Great Depression
• They were given the salaries and could buy things at a cheaper price
• It was the rural segment which had a major impact due to the Great Depression

AP 10th Class Social History 3rd Lesson Important Questions: 1 Mark

Question 1.
What is globalisation ?

Answer: Movement of people, goods and services across the nations has been termed as globalisation

Question 2.
What is persecution?

Answer: Cruel and unfair treatment of a person or group, especially because of their religious or political beliefs or their race

Question 3.
What is meant by Cowrie? For what purpose were these used?

Answer: Cowrie means seashells. It is a Hindi word. These were used as a form of currency in the past

Question 4.
What do Silk Routes refer to ?

Answer: Network of routes connecting Asia with Europe and Northern Africa

Question 5.
What does the names Silk Routes point to ?

Answer: Importance of west bound Chinese silk cargoes along the route

Question 6.
What were the precious metals received in return to Chinese pottery, textiles and spices?

Answer: Gold and silver

Question 7.
Where is Sicily located ?

Answer: An island in Italy

Question 8.
Who discovered Americas?

Answer: Christopher Columbus

Question 9.
Name some of the important food items which travelled from far away place to India?

Answer: Potatoes, soya, groundnuts, maize, tomatoes etc

Question 10.
From where many of our common foods came from?

Answer: From Americas original inhabitants - the American Indians

Question 11.
Who were the first Europeans to conquer America?

Answer: The Portuguese and Spanish people were the first to conquer and colonise America in the 16th century

Question 12.
What was the most powerful weapon of the Spanish conquerors ?

Answer: The most powerful weapon of the Spanish conquerors was the smallpox germs that they carried on their person

Question 13.
What is El Dorado in South America famous for?

Answer: El Dorado in South America was famous for the fabled city of gold

Question 14.
What was the impact of germs on the Americas original inhabitants ?

Answer: Americas original inhabitants had no immunity against the disease. So it killed and decimated whole communities

Question 15.
Who worked on plantations set up in America by European nations ?

Answer: The slaves captured from Africa worked on plantations set up in America by European nations

Question 16.
Which two countries were among the worlds richest until the 18th century?

Answer: China and India

Question 17.
What factors changed the world profoundly in the 19th century?

Answer: Economic, political, social, cultural and technological factors interacted in complex ways to transform societies and reshape external relations

Question 18.
Mention any two factors which were responsible for price rise of food grains in Britain in the late 18th century?

Answer: Increase in population and restrictions on the import of food grains

Question 19.
What were Corn laws? Why were they passed?

Answer: Government to restrict the import of Corn. Under pressure from landed groups

Question 20.
Why Corn laws were abolished?

Answer: Unhappy with high food prices, industrialists and urban dwellers forced the abolition of the Corn laws

Question 21.
What are the countries that exported grains to Britain?

Answer: Russia, America and Australia

Question 22.
What were the factors that transformed 19th century world?

Answer: Railways, steafnship, the telegraph, metalled roads lighter wagons and refrigeration

Question 23.
What were the canal colonies?

Answer: After being irrigated by new canals, the semi-waste areas were called the canal colonies. They were created to grow wheat and cotton for export

Question 24.
What was the technology that enabled the transportation of perishable foods?

Answer: Refrigerated ships

Question 25.
Name four colonial powers in the 19th century?

Answer:

1. Britain
2. USA
3. Germany
4. France

Question 26.
Which( problems were common in Europe until the 19th century?

Answer: Hunger and poverty

Question 27.
What was the disease that spread fast in Africa in 1890s?

Answer: Cattle plague

Question 28.
What was Rinderpest?

Answer: Rinderpest was the cattle plague that spread fast in Africa in 1890s

Question 29.
Why most of the borders of African countries run straight?

Answer: Most of the borders of African countries are straight because Africa was divided on paper in conference halls in Europe

Question 30.
Why Europeans were attracted to Africa till late 19th century?

Answer: Due to its vast resources of land and minerals

Question 31.
How Rinderpest arrived in Africa in 1880s?

Answer: It was carried by infected cattle imported from British Asia to feed the Italian soldiers invading Eritrea in East Africa

Question 32.
How Rinderpest spread in Africa?

Answer: Like forest fire

Question 33.
What do you-mean by indentured labour?

Answer: Indentured labour is a bonded labour under contract to work for an employer for a specific amount of time, to pay off his passage to a new country or home

Question 34.
What were the four regions of India from where indentured workers came?

Answer: Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Bihar and Central India

Question 35.
Name the main destinations of Indian indentured migrants?

Answer: Caribbean islands, Mauritius and Fiji

Question 36.
What was the place nearest to home for Tamil migrants?

Answer: Ceylon and Malaya

Question 37.
How 19th century indenture has been described?

Answer: New system of slavery

Question 38.
What is the meaning of cultural fusion?

Answer: Cultured fusion is a process under which two or more than two cultural intermingle and produce a new culture

Examples :

1. Hosay
2. Chutney

Question 39.
When and why was indentured labour migration abolished?

Answer: Indentured labour was abolished in 1921 as it was opposed by Indian leaders

Question 40.
Name two famous persons who one descendants of the indentured labour migrants from India?

Answer:

1. V.S.Naipaul (Nobel prize winner)
2. West Indian cricketers, Shivnarine Chanderpaul and Ramnaresh Sarwan

Question 41.
Who was V.S.Naipaul?

Answer: V.S.Naipaul, a noble prize winning writer, is descended from indentured labour migrant to Carribbeans from India

Question 42.
What are the values you learn from indentured labour?

Answer: Survival, equality, identity, freedom, cultural fusion and individuality

Question 43.
Name any two Indian groups of bankers who financed export agriculture in Central land?

Answer:

1. Shikaripuri Shraffs (Rajasthan)
2. Nattukottai Chettiars (Tamil Nadu)

Question 44.
Who ventured Africa following European colonies?

Answer: Hyderabadi Sindhi traders

Question 45.
Why did the inflow of fine Indian cotton begin to decline in the 19th century?

Answer: Tariffs were imposed by the British government to protect local industries

Question 46.
What is meant by the term Tariff?

Answer: Tariff is a tax imposed on a countrys imports from the rest of the world. These are levied at the point of entry i.e., at the border or the airport

Question 47.
What replaced when the exports of manufactures declined?

Answer: Raw materials

Question 48.
What were the raw materials supplied in the place of manufactures?

Answer: Raw cotton, opium and indigo

Question 49.
Define trade surplus?

Answer: Trade surplus is a situation under which value of exports is more than imports

Question 50.
How Britain had a trade surplus with India?

Answer: Britain had a trade surplus because India was exporting food products to Britain which had less market value and it was importing finished goods which had higher market value

Question 51.
When and where the First World War fought?

Answer: 1914-1918. It was mainly fought in Eutope but its impact was felt around the world

Question 52.
In which countries wheat production expanded after the First World War?

Answer: Canada, America and Australia

Question 53.
What was the characteristic feature of industrial production in the US?

Answer: Mass production

Question 54.
What was mass production and who was the pioneer of mass production?

Answer: Production of goods on large scale is known as mass production. Henry Ford was pioneer of mass production

Question 55.
According to Henry Ford what was the method that allowed a faster and cheaper way of producing vehicles?

Answer: Assembly line

Question 56.
What was the worlds first mass produced car?

Answer: The T-model

Question 57.
What was Henry Fords best cost cutting decision?

Answer: Ford doubled the wages of workers but recovered the loss by speeding up the production line

Question 58.
What was the period of the Great Depression?

Answer: The Great Depression began around 1929 and lasted till the mid 1930s

Question 59.
State any one factor for the Great Depression?

Answer: Agricultural over production and falling agricultural prices

Question 60.
What steps did Henry Ford take in 1914 to retain labour?

Answer: Henry Ford doubled the daily wage to $ 5 in January 1914. At the same time he banned trade unions from operating in his plants

Question 61.
Define catastrophic decline?

Answer: Causing suddeh and great harm

Question 62.
What fields experienced catastrophic decline during Great Depression?

Answer: Production, employment, incomes and trade

Question 63.
The agricultural regions and communities were the worst affected by the Great Depression of 1929." Give one reason

Answer: This was because the fall in agricultural prices was greater and more prolonged than that in the prices of industrial goods

Question 64.
Name the economist who thought that India gold exports during the Great Depression of 1929 promoted global economic recovery?

Answer: John Maynard Keynes

Question 65.
What was the movement launched by Gandhiji during the Great Depression of 1929?

Answer: Civil Disobedience Movement