The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

The Rise of Nationalism in Europe AP 10th Class Social History 1st Lesson Important Questions: 8 Marks

Question 1.
Describe Frederic Sorrieus utopian vision ?

Answer:

1. In 1848,Frederic Sorrieu a French, artist, prepared a series of four prints visualising his dream of a world made up of Democratic and Social Republics
2. The first print shows the people of Europe and America - men and women, of all ages and classes, marching in a long train and offering homage to the statue of Liberty as they pass by
3. The Statue of Liberty was designed as a female figure with the torch of enlightenment in one hand and the charter of Rights of Man in the other
4. In the foreground, lie the shattered remains of the symbols of absolutist institutions
5. In Sorrieus utopian vision, the people of the world are grouped as distinct nations, identified by their flags and their national costumes. From the heavens above, Christ, saints and angles gaze upon them

Question 2.
When did the first clear cut expression of nationalism come in France Describe any four measures which were introduced to create a sense of collective identity ?

Answer:

1. The first clear cut expression of nationalism came in France with the French Revolution in 1789
2. The French Revolution led to the transfer of sovereignty from monarch to the body of French Citizen as the Revolution brought about political and constitutional changes
3. Power henceforth was vested in the people to shape the destiny of the nation
4. Measures introduced by the French Revolutionaries to create a sense of collective

identity:

• They choose a new French flag, the tricolour, to replace the royal stand
• The Estates General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the National Assembly
• The concepts of "La Patrie" and "Le citoyen" emphasised the nation as a unified society with equal rights protected by a Constitution
• In the name of the nation, new hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated. They established a centralised administrative system, which formulated uniform laws for all citizens

Question 3.
How the revolutionary ideas spread to other countries ?

Answer:

1. The French revolutionary ideas spread to other countries and also inspired the oppressed people with liberal ideas
2. French revolutionaries clearly stated it was their mission to liberate not only the French people but also people of all parts of Europe from despotism
3. Jacobin clubs
4. With the outbreak of French revolutionary wars, the French armies carried the ideas of nationalism
5. Napoleon, after conquering large areas, indirectly created a feeling of oneness by his uniform administrative system and civil code
6. He abolished feudal system and freed peasants from bondage

Question 4.
Napoleon was a great administrator. Explain the statement in the light of the changes he brought about in France?

Answer:

• Napoleon was a great administrator. He brought many changes to make an efficient administrative system
• The Civil Code of 1804, usually known as the Napoleonic Code, abolished all privileges based on birth
• It established equality before the law and secured the right to property
• Napoleon also introduced many reforms even in those territories which came under his control
• He simplified administrative divisions in the Dutch Republic, in Switzerland, Italy and Germany
• He abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues
• In towns too, guild restrictions were removed. Transport and communication systems were also improved. These reforms proved to be a boon for peasnats, artisans, workers and new businessmen who could now enjoy freedom to a great extent

Question 5.
"Napoleon had destroyed democracy in France but in the administrative field he had incorporated evolutionary principles in order to make the whole system more rational and efficient." Analyse the statement with arguments?

Answer: Napoleon had destroyed democracy in France but in administrative field he had incorporated revolutionary principles in order to make the whole system more rational and efficient.

• All privileges based on birth were removed
• He had established equality before law
• Right to property was given
• Simplified administrative divisions were made
• Feuded system was abolished and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues
• Guild restrictions were removed
• Transport and communication systems were improved

Question 6.
What were the advantages and disadvantages of the Napoleonic Code ?

Answer: Advantages of Napoleonic Code

• Established equality before law
• Abolished all privileges based on birth
• Simplified administrative divisions
• Granted the right to property to French citizens
• Abolished feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom
• Eliminated restrictions on guilds in town
• Made efforts to improve transport and communication

Disadvantages of Napoleonic Code :

• This initial enthusiasm soon turned into hostility and opposition when it became visible that the new administrative arrangements do not go hand in hand with political freedom
• Censorship, taxation, forced conscription into the French armies required to conquer the rest of Europe
• But all seemed to outweigh the advantages of the administrative changes

Question 7.
Describe the political condition of Europe in the mid-eighteenth century ?

Answer:

• There were no nation states
• Germany, Italy and Switzerland were divided into kingdoms, duchies and cantons whose rulers had their autonomous territories
• There were autocratic monarchies in Eastern and Central Europe
• People spoke different languages and belonged to different ethnic groups
• For example, Habsburg Empire consisted of different regions and peoples
• They did not share a collective identity or a common culture
• It included German-speaking people of Bohemia as well as Italian-speaking people of Lombardy and Venetia
• Half of the population of Hungary was Magyar
• Such differences did not promote a sense of political unity. The only tie binding diverse groups together was a common allegiance to the emperor

Question 8.
The Habsburg Empire that ruled over Austria-Hungary, was a patch work of many different regions and people. Justify the statement with suitable examples?

Answer:

• Eastern and Central Europe were under autocratic monarchies within the territories of which lived diverse people
• They did not see themselves as sharing a collective identity or a common culture
• The Habsburg Empire that ruled over Austria-Hungry, for example, was a patchwork of many different regions and people
• It included the Alpine regions-the Tyrol, Austria and the Sudetenland-as well as Bohemia, where the aristocracy was predominantly German speaking
• It also included the Italian speaking princes of Lombardy and Venetia
• In Hungary half of the population spoke Magyar while the other half spoke a variety of dialects. In Galicia, the aristocracy spoke Polish
• Besides these three dominant groups, there also lived within the boundary of empire, a mass of subject peasant peoples - Bohemians, Slovaks to the north, Slovens in Carniola, Croats in the south and Romans to the east in Transylvania
• The only tie binding these diverse groups together was a common allegiance to the emperor

Question 9.
When did industrialisation begin in different countries in Europe ? What were its consequences ? Which new social groups came into being ?

Answer:

• Industrialisation began in England in the second half of the 18th century. But in France and parts of the German states, it happened only,during the 19th century
• There was growth of towns and the emergence of commercial classes in Western and some parts of Eastern Europe
• This was because of growth of industrial production and trade
• The existence of commercial classes was based on production for the market
• The new social groups that came into being because of industrialisation were a working class population, and middle classes made up of businessmen, industrialists and professionals
• The noble ideas that gained popularity were ideas of national unity and ideology of liberalism

Question 10.
In the 19th century Europe which classes formed the (a) most dominant class (b) majority class?

Answer:

• Though numerically a small group, the landed aristocracy, socially and politically formed the dominant class in 19th century Europe
• The members of this class were united across regional divisions by common was of life that cut across regional divisions
• They owned large estates in the countryside and also town houses
• For the purpose of diplomacy they spoke French
• Their families were often interconnected by ties of marriage
• The majority of the population was made up of peasants, people who worked on land as tenants, small owners or serfs
• Due to industrialisation, new social group came into being - a working class population - middle classes made up of industrialists, businessmen and professionals
• The growth of industrial production and trade gave rise to the middle class

Question 11.
Mention any three differences between the majority population of Western Central and Eastern Europe ?

Answer:

• The majority population of Western, Central and Eastern Europe was made up of peasantry. But they differed in social composition and ideology
• In Eastern and Central Europe, the pattern of holding land was characterised by vast estates cultivated by serfs
• To the west the bulk of the land was farmed by tenants and small owners. In Western Europe and parts of Germany industrialisation happened during the 19th century. Growth of industrial production and trade led to growth of towns. New social classes based on production for the market came into being
• In Central and Eastern Europe these new social groups were smaller in number till late 19th century
• The ideology of liberalism and nationalism was late in developing in Central and Eastern Europe compared to Western Europe

Question 12.
Write any two obstacles that the liberal nationalist wanted to overcome?

Answer:

• State imposed restrictions on movement of goods, people and capital
• Out of countless small principalities, Napoleon created a confederation of 39 states
• Each of the state possessed its own currency and weights and measures
Each of the state collected customs duties individually. For example, if a merchant travelled to sell
• goods from Hamburg to Nuremberg, he had to pass through 11 custom barriers and pay a duty at each of them
• Duties were often levied according to the weight or measurement of the goods. Each region had its own system of weights and measures which further complicated calculations
• These were viewed as obstacles to economic exchange and growth by new commercial classes

Question 13.
What type of conservative regimes were set up in 1815 in Europe ?

Answer:

• The new conservative regimes that were set up were autocratic. They did not tolerate criticism or dissent and sought to curb activities that

  Questioned the legitimacy of autocratic governments

• To control newspapers, books, plays etc, most of them imposed censorship. So, they could not reflect the ideas of liberty and freedom
• They believed in the preservation of established traditional institutions of state and society like monarchy, church, social hierarchies and private property
• Most of them did not propose to return to society of pre-revolutionary days. They understood that modernisation initiated. Napoleon could be used to make state power mole effective and strong. It could, in fact, strengthen traditional institutions like the monarchy
• Modern army, efficient bureaucracy, a dynamic economy and abolition of feudalism and serfdom they believed, could strengthen autocratic monarchies of Europe

Question 14.
What do you understand by conservatism ? Describe the objects and decisions of the Congress of Vienna and examine them too?

Answer:

1. Conservatism was a political philosophy that stressed the importance of tradition, established institutions and customs and preferred gradual development to quick change
2. Objects: After the defeat of Napoleon, the European powers - Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria met at Vienna. It was hosted by the Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich. The object was to undo
3. most of the changes that had taken place during the Napoleonic wars
4. Decisions of the Congress: Some major decisions of the Congress were as given below

• The Bourbon dynasty was restored in France
• A number of states such as Netherlands, Piedmont, were strengthened on the boundaries of France to prevent French expansion in future. Thus, Belgium was included in Netherlands and Genoa in Piedmont
• Prussia was given important new territories on Frances western frontiers
• It got a portion of Saxony
• Austria got control of northern Italy
• Russia was given a part of Poland
• She got most part of the Grand Dutch of Warsaws and retained Finland
• Russia emerged with a good number of addition and extended farther westward into Europe than ever

Evalution of the Congress : Conservative regimes set up in 1815 were autocratic. They did not tolerate criticism and dissent. They imposed censorship laws to control the newspapers, books, plays and ideas of liberty and freedom.

Question 15.
How did revolutionaries spread their ideas in many European states after 1815 ? Explain with examples?

Answer:

1. Following the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, European governments were driven by a spirit of conservatism
2. They were autocratic and did not tolerate criticism and diSSent and therefore imposed censorship laws to control what was said in newspapers, books, plays, etc
3. The fear of repression drove many liberal nationalists underground. But they were not idle. Instead, they set up Secret Societies in many European states to train revolutionaries and spread their ideas
4. To be revolutionary at this time meant a commitment to oppose monarchical forms that had been established after the Vienna Congress, and to fight for liberty and freedom. Most of these revolutionaries saw the creation of nation-states as a necessary part of this struggle for freedom
5. Guiseppe Mazzini, a young revolutionary from Italy was a member of the Secret Society of the Carbonary
6. In 1831, he was sent into exile for attempting a revolution in Ligura. Mazzini set up two more underground societies, first, Young italy in Marseilles, and then, Young
7. Europe in Bireuen, whose members were like-minded young men from Poland, France, Italy and the German states. Mazzini was dead against monarchy and wanted to set up democratic republic in its place. He believed that the unification of Italy alone could be the basis of Italian liberty

Question 16.
During the years following the congress of Vienna (1815) Why did the liberal - nationalists went underground ? Why the Secret Societies were formed ? Describe their aims and activities with special reference to the activities of Mazzini ?

Answer:

1. After the Congress of Vienna (1815) the liberal-nationalists went underground due to fear of repression by the autocratic rulers. "
2. The aim of the Secret Societies that were formed in many European states was to train revolutionaries and spread their ideas i.e., to oppose monarchial forms that had been established after the Congress of Vienna and to fight for liberty and freedom. They wanted creation of nation-states which were considered necessary as a part of freedom for struggle
3. Mazzini and activities of secret societies:
4. Mazzini was the Italian revolutionary. He was a member of the Secret Society of the Carbonari.Later on, he founded two societies - Young Italy in Marseilles and Young Europe interne. Aim of Mazzini was to have a unified republic in Italy as the basis of liberty. He believed that the nations were the natural units of mankind. Secret societies were formed in Germany, France, Switzerland and Poland. As a result of the Secret Societies, the conservatives were frightened, Metternich described Mazzini as the most dangerous enemy of our social order

Question 17.
Explain the reasons for the nationalist upsurge in the 19th Century Europe ?

Answer:

1. The feeling of nationalism did not only come due to territorial expansion or war, culture played a major role in developing sense of nationalism
2. Romanticism is a cultural movement that sought to develop a particular kind of nationalism. Romantic poets did not support the glorifying of science and reason but rather focussed on mystic feelings intuitions and emotion
3. Folklores, folktales and folk songs were collected as it was believed they gave the true manifestation of peoples thoughts and lives
4. Historians argued true German culture was to be defined among the people. Common deeds of the past, social capital inculcated a feeling of collective belonging among the people
5. Language was also used to develop nationalism. This was the case of Poland that was divided by the Great Powers. Yet nationalist feelings were kept alive through songs and folklore

Question 18.
Explain the German Liberal Movement of 1848?

Answer:

• German Nation - state did not exist in 1848. In German region political association members like middle class professionals, businessmen and prosperous artisans decided to vote for all. German National Assembly
• Oh 18 May 1848, elected members marched to take their places in the Frankfurt parliament convened in Church of St. Paul
• They drafted a constitution for a German nation to be headed by a monarchy subject to a parliament
• The deputies offered the crown to Friedrich Wilhelm IV, king of Prussia and he rejected. Wilhelm IV joined other monarches to oppose the elected assembly
• The opposition of the aristocracy and military became stronger, the social basis of the Frankfurt parliament got eroded
• The parliament was dominated by middle classes who resisted the demands of workers and artisans and lost their support consequently
• In the end troops were called in and the assembly was forced to disband

Question 19.
What were the consequences of the Liberal Revolution of 1848 ?

Answer:

1. The conservatives were able to supress liberal movements but they failed to restore the old order
2. Monarchs Realised they would have to grant concessions to the liberal nationalist revolutionaries to end cycles of revolution and repression
3. The autocratic monarchies of Central and Eastern Europe began to introduce changes that had already taken place in Western Europe before 1815
4. Growing popular unrest provided an imperative for constitutionalism and unification of Germany and Italy
5. In Habsburg dominions and in Russia both serfdom and bonded labour were abolished
6. More autonomy was granted to the Hungarian in 1867 by the Habsburg rulers

Question 20.
Examine the different stages of the unification of Germany

Answer:

1. The first attempt for the unification of Germany was made in 1848 through the establishment of a constitutional monarchy under the Prussian King Wilhelm IV by convening a parliament at Frankfurt
2. The Prussian king rejected this move and joined the other Monarch to oppose the elected assembly
3. There were widespread nationalist feeling among middle class Germans, (who in 1848,) tried to unite the different regions of the German confederation into a nation state
4. Prussia took the initiative and leadership of the movement for national unification
5. Otto von Bismarck, the Chief Minister of Prussia, with the help of the Prussian army and bureaucracy carried the process further
6. He fought three wars over seven years against Austria, Denmark and France, which ended in
7. Prussian victory. This victory completed the process of German unification
8. Prussian King William I was proclaimed as German Emperor at Versailles
9. Thus, on 18th January 1871, the new German Empire headed by Kaiser Wilhem of Prussia was proclaimed

Question 21.
Describe the background and execution of the process of Italian unification ?

Answer:

1. During the middle of the 19th century, Italy was divided into seven states of which only one Sardinia - Piedmont was ruled by an Italian Princely house
2. The unification process was led by three revolutionaries - Guiseppe Mazzini, Count Camillo de Cavour and Guiseppe Garibaldi
3. During 1830, Mazzini decided to unite Italy. He had formed a Secret Society Young Italyto achieve his goal
4. After the failures in 1831 and 1848, King Victor Emmanuel II took to unify the Italian states through wars
5. Through a tactful diplomatic alliance with France by Cavour, Sardinia - Piedmont succeeded in defeating the Austrian forces in 1859. They acquired the north which was under Austrian Habsburgs
6. In 1860, Guiseppe Garibaldi, the hero of Red Shirts with armed volunteers, acquired the South Kingdom of Italy and two Sicilies by driving out the Spanish rulers in the famous expedition of the
7. thousand of south Italy. He succeeded in winning the support pf the local peasants
In 1861/the first Italian Parliament representing whole of Italy except Vinitia and the Papal city of Rome formally conferred on victor Emmanuel the title of King of Italy
8. Venetia and Rome were added in 1866 and 1870

Question 22.
Who were the important personalities that took part in the Italian Unification ?

Answer: Italy was politically fragmented into seven states for a long period. The north Italy was ruled by Austria, while the Bourbon dynasty ruled in the south and Pope dominated over the central Italy. It was only Sardinia - Piedmont which was ruled by the Italian princely house. The three important personalities who took part in the process of Italian unification were:

1. Guiseppe Mazzini: During the 1830s, Mazzini devised efforts to unite Italy, but he failed. He formed a Secret Society i.e. Young Italy in 1831 which intended to fulfill his goals. He believed that the nations are the natural units of mankind
2. Count Cavour: He was the Italian Chief Minister who unified the regions of Italy. He was neither a revolutionary nor a democrat. He spoke French and with his tactful diplomacy sought the help of France in defeating Austrian forces in 1859
3. Guiseppe Garibaldi: He collected a large number of armed volunteers and joined the regular troops. He succeeded in winning the support of local peasants and drove the Spanish away

Question 23.
Why did Scottish Highlanders and Ireland suffer a similar fate ?

Answer:

• Scottish and Irish distinctive cultures and political institutions were systematically suppressed
• The Catholic clans that inhabited the Scottish Highland suffered terrible repression whenever they tried to assert their independence
• la Ireland the English helped the protestants. Catholic revolts against the British dominance was suppressed
• The Scottish Highlanders were banned to speak their Gaelic language or wear their national dress. In Ireland also the British was forged through propogation of dominant English culture
• In both regions the British flag, the national anthem and English language were actively promoted
• Both Scottish Highlanders and Ireland survived only as subordinate partners, not as equals in the nation

Question 24.
How did culture play an important role in creating the idea of the nation in Europe ? Explain with examples?

Answer:

1. Romanticism was a cultural movement which sought to develop a particular form of nationalist
2. sentiment in Europe. Romantic artists did not glorify reason and science. They focussed on emotions, intention and mystical feelings. They tried to create a sense of collective heritage, a common cultural past, as the basis of a nation
3. Romanticists chose folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances to popularise the true spirit of the nation. For them, collecting and recording these forms of folk culture was essential to the project of nation building
4. The emphasis on vernacular language was also important to take the nationalist message to a large number of people who were mostly illiterate
5. In Poland, nationalist feelings were kept alive through music and language. Karol Kurpinski celebrated the national struggle through his opera and music, turning folk dances like the polonaise and mazurka into nationalist symbols
6. Language too played an important role in developing nationalist sentiments. After Russian occupation the Polish language was forced out of the schools and the Russian language was imposed everywhere in Poland. In 1831, an armed rebellion against Russiah rule took place which was crushed. Following this, the Polish language began to be used as. a weapon of national resistance against Russian dominance

Question 25.
The Balkan issue was one of the major factors responsible for the First World War ? Explain by giving examples?

Answer:

1. The Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic variation comprising modern- day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro whose inhabitants were broadly known as the slays. A large part of the Balkans was under the control of the Ottoman Empire
2. The spread of the ideas of romantic nationalism in the Balkans together with the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire made this region very explosive
3. All through the nineteenth century the Ottoman Empire tried to strengthen itself through modernisation and interned reforms but achieved little success. One by one, its European subject nationalities broke away from its control and declared independence. The Balkan peoples used history and national identity to prove that they had once been independent but had subsequently been subjugated by foreign powers. Hence, the rebellious nationalities in the Balkans thought of their struggles as attempts to win back their independence
4. The Balkan states were fiercely jealous of each other and each hoped to gain more territory at the expense of the others. Matters were further complicated because the Balkans also became the scene of big power rivalry. During this period, there was intense rivalry among the European powers over trade and colonies. These rivalries were very evident in the way the Balkan problem unfolded. Each power was keen on countering the hold of other powers over the Balkans, and extending its own control over the area

Question 26.
The decade of 1830 had brought great economic hardship in Europe". Support the statement with arguments?

Answer:

• There was enormous increase in population all over Europe
• There where more seekers of jobs than employment
• People migrated from rural areas to the cities to live in overcrowded slums
• There was stiff competition between the products of small producers and products imported from England where goods were made by machines as industrialisation had already taken place there
• Peasants condition was bad due to burden of feudal dues and obligations
• The prices of food had risen due to bad harvest. This had resulted in widespread pauperism in town and country

Question 27.
The idealistic liberal democratic sentiment of nationalism became a narrow creed with limited ends." Support the statement in the content of Balkan nationalism in the early 19th century ?

Answer: The Balkans comprised modern-day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bpsnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro.

• The disintegration of the ruling Ottoman Empire and the spread of the ideas of romantic nationalism made this area explosive
• The European subject nationalities started breaking from its control to declare independence
• The Balkan revolutionaries acts were directed to gain back the long-lost independence
• The Balkan States were fiercely jealous of each other and wanted to gain more territory at the expense of the other
• There was intense rivalry among the European powers over trade, colonies, naval might and military might. European powers such as Russia, Germany, England and Austro-Hungary were keen on opposing the hold of other powers over the Balkans for extending their own area of control
• All these events ultimately triggered the First World War (1914)

Question 28.
Who was Frederic Sorrieu ? What were the main features of the first print prepared , by him in 1848 ?

Answer:

1. Frederic Sorrieu was a French artist who prepared a series of four prints visualising his dream of a world made up Of democratic and social republics as he called them
Features of this prints :
2. It shows men and women of all. ages of Europe and America offering homage to the statue of Liberty
3. Liberty was personified as a female figure with the Torch of Enlightenment in one hand the charter of Rights of Man in the other
In the foreground are the shattered remains of the symbols of absolutist institutions
4. Procession in led by USA and Switzerland who were already nation states others followed them. From heavens above, christ, angels and saints gaze upon the scene to symbolise fraternity among the nations of the world
5. In Sourrieus utopian vision, the people of the world were grouped as distinct nations, identified through their flags
6. Many issues have been visualised in his prints by Sorrieu

Question 29.
Who hosted Vienna Congress in 1815 ? Analyse the main changes brought by the Vienna Treaty ?

Answer:

1. The Vienna Congress was hosted by the Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich.
2. The Bourbon dynasty which had been deposed during French-Revolution was restored to power
3. France lost its annexed territories which were annexed under Napoleon
4. A series of states were set up on the boundaries of France to prevent French extension in future
5. Kingdom of the Netherlands, included Belgium was set up
6. Prussia was given important new territories on its western frontiers
7. Austria was given control of northern Italy. In the east Russia was given part of Poland while Prussia was given a portion of Saxony
8. The German confederation of 39 states that had been set up by Napoleon was left untouched
9. The main intention was to restore the monarchies and create a new conservative order in Europe

Question 30.
Explain the nation building process of Germany ?

Answer:

1. After 1848, nationalism in Europe moved away from its association with democracy and revolution
2. Nationalist sentiments were often mobilised by conservatives for promoting state power and achieving political domination over Europe
3. Nationalist feelings were widespread among middle class Germans in 19th century
4. In 1848, they tried to unite the different regions of the German confederation into a nation state governed by an elected parliament
5. The liberal initiative to nation-building was repressed by the combined forces of the monarchy and the military, supported by the large landowners of Prussia
6. Prussia took on the leadership of Otto von Bismarck, who became the architect of this process
7. Three Wars over seven years - with Austria, Denmark, and France ended in Prussian Victory and completed the process of unification
8. In January 1871, the Prussian King William I, was proclaimed German Emperor

Question 31.
Explain th? contribution of Otto von Bismarck in German unification ?

Answer:

1. German unification was a long and complicated process. It took a long time to unite Germany into one country and the credit goes to Bismarck
2. In the early 19th century Germany was a loose confederation of 39 states. This confederation was earlier set by Napoleon
3. Various political associations convered the Frankfurt parliament in May 1848. It tried its best to unify Germany under the leadership of Freidrieh Wilhelm IV, king of Prussia. This efforts failed as the king rejected the offer
4. Then Prussia took the charge of German unification. Its Chief Minister Otto von Bismarck, the architect of this process carried out with the help of the Prussian army and bureaucracy
5. Bismarck fought three wars over seven years with Denmark, Austria and France. Prussia emerged as victorious and with it the process of unification completed
6. The Prussian king, William I was proclaimed the German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles in January 1871

Question 32.
Briefly explain the process of unification of Italy ?

Answer:

1. Political Fragmentation: Like Germany, Italy was also politically fragmented. During the middle of the 19th century, Italy was divided into seven states, of which only one, Sardinia - Piedmont was ruled by an Italian prince
2. Role of Mazzini: Guiseppe Mazzini made efforts to unite the Italian Republic. He had formed a secret society called Young Italy for achieving his goal
3. Role of Count Cavour : He was the chief minister who led the movement to unify Italy. He formed a tactful diplomatic alliance with France and defeated the Austrian forces
4. Role of Guiseppe Garibaldi: Garibaldi also formed armed volunteers. In 1860, they marched into South Italy and the kingdom of Two Sicilies. They are succeeded in driving out the Spanish rulers. In 1861, Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed king of united Italy

Question 33.
Locate the following on the outline map of the world?

1. Germany
2. Hungary
3. Austria
4. Greece
5. Spain
6. Sardinia
7. England
8. Belgium

Answer:

Question 34.
Locate the following countries in the world map?

1. America
2. Russia
3. London
4. Berlin
5. India

Answer:

Question 35.
Locate the following countries in the world map?

1. China
2. Japan
3. France
4. North America
5. Italy

Answer:

AP 10th Class Social History 1st Lesson Important Questions: 4 Marks

Question 1.
What changes were introduced after the French Revolution in France ?

Answer:

1. Sovereignty was transferred from the Monarch to a body of French Citizens
2. A new French flag, the tricolour, was chosen to replace the formers Royal Standard
3. The Estates General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the National Assembly
4. New hymns were composed, Oaths taken and martyrs commemorated, all in the name of the Nation
5. A centralised administrative system was put in glace and it formulated uniform laws for all citizens with in its territory
6. Internal custom duties and dues were abolished and a uniform system of weights and measures was adopted

Question 2.
List some features of the Civil Code of 1804 usually known as the Napoleonic Code?

Answer:

1. It did away with all the privileges based on birth
2. It established equality before law and secured the right to property
3. It abolished the feudal system, simplified administrative divisions
4. It freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues

Question 3.
What was the Napoleonic Code ? What were the countries conquered by Napoleon ?

Answer:

1. The Civil Code of 1804 introduced by Napoleon is known as the Napoleonic code
2. Napoleonic Code did away with all the privileges based on birth, established equality before law and secured the right to property
3. Countries conquered by Napoleon were Holland, Belgium, Switzerland and Italy

Question 4.
Why the initial enthusiasm soon turned to hostility ?

Answer:

1. It became clear that the new administrative arrangements did not go hand in hand with political freedom
2. Increased taxation, censorship, forced conscription into the French armies required to conquer the rest of Europe
3. All these seemed to outweigh the advantages of the administrative changes

Question 5.
Explain the dominance of landed aristocracy in Europe?

Answer:

1. Socially and politically, a landed aristocracy was the dominant class in the continent
2. The members of this class were united by a common way of life that cut across regional divisions
3. They owned estates in the countryside and also town-houses
4. They spoke French for the purpose of diplomacy and in high society
5. Their families were often connected by ties of marriage
6. This powerful aristocracy was, however numerically a small group

Question 6.
Why the ideology of liberalism and nationalism were late in developing in central and eastern Europe ?

Answer:

1. In Central and Eastern Europe, industrialisation began only in the late 19th century
2. Social groups like working class and educated middle class were smaller in number
3. Among the educated liberal middle class that ideas of national unity and liberalism gained popularity and since and liberalism gained popularity and since this class grew later in central and eastern Europe
4. Due to late industrialisation of this region, the ideology of liberalism and nationalism also developed later as compared to Britain and Western Europe

Question 7.
Describe the concept of liberalism which developed in Europe in early 19th century?

Answer:

1. The term Liberalism derived from the Latin root liber, meaning free. For the new middle classes liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law
2. Politically it emphasised the concept of government by consent. It stood for the end of autocracy and clerical privileges, a constitution and representative government through parliament
3. In the economic sphere, liberalism stood for the freedom of markets and the abolition of state imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital

Question 8.
Mention any four values which can be derived from the term Liberalism.?

Answer:

1. Freedom for all and equality of all before the law
2. Freedom of expression i.e., Freedom of Press and Freedom of Association
3. Creation of a nation state on parliamentary principles i.e., government by people
4. Changes in the field of economy, i.e., abolition of state imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital

Question 9.
What were the wider implications of Zollverein ?

Answer:

1. Zollverein removed artificial impediments to German economic integration and prosperity
2. Zollverein was the representative of German liberalism as understood by middle and professional classes and a forerunner to national liberalism
3. Zollverein led to the growth of a new class of entrepreneurs who gave the much needed social backing to the new drive for national integration

Question 10.
"Political unification of Germany was achieved on the main foundation of economic unification." Mention reasons?

Answer:

1. Under the leadership of Prussia, a custom union Zollverein was formed in 1834. Many German states joined in it
2. This helped not only the commerical classess but created a unified economic territory allowing the unhindered movements of goods, people and capital
3. This union reduced the number of currencies from over 30 to 2. This union abolished tarrif barriers also
4. Creation of railway network further stimualted mobility, harnessing economic interests to national unification
5. Thus, economic nationalism strengthed the wider nationalist sentiments growing at that time

Question 11.
Explain any three beliefs of the conservatism that emerged after 1815?

Answer:

1. Conservatives believed that established traditional institutions of state and society like the monarchy, the church, social hierarchies etc., should be preserved
2. Most conservaties however, were very much influenced by the changes initiated by Napoleon. Conservatives began to favour modernisation instead of returning to the society of pre-revolutionary days. They believed that modernisation could strengthen traditional institutions like monarchy
3. would make state power more effective and strong
4. A modern army, an efficient bureaucracy, a dynamic economy, the abolition of feudalism and serfdom could strengthen the autpcratic monarchies of Europe

Question 12.
Explain the conservative regimes that were set up in 1815?

Answer:

• Conservative regimes that were set up in 1815 were autocratic
• They did not tolerate criticism and dissent and sought to curb activities that ,Questioned the legitimacy of autocratic governments
• Most of them imposed censorship laws to control what was said in newspapers, books, plays and songs and reflected the ideas of liberty and freedom

Question 13.
What happened during the year following 1815, when the fear of repression drove many liberal nationalists underground ?

Answer:

• Secret societies sprang up in many European states to train revolutionaries and spread their ideas
• Being revolutionary at that time meant a committment to oppose monarchial forms that had been established after the Vienna Congress and to fight for liberty and freedom
• Most of the revolutionaries also saw the creation of nation-states as a necessary part of this struggle for freedom
• An Italian revolutionary, Mazzini founded two more underground societies ie., Young Italy in Marseilles
• Young Europe in Berne. Members of these societies were like-minded young men from Poland, France, Italy and German States
• following his model, secret societies were set-up in Germany, France, Switzerland and Poland

Question 14.
"The most dangerous enemy of our social order". Who called whom ?

Answer:

• Metternich described Guiseppe Mazzini the most dangerous enemy of our social
• Mazzinis Consistent opposition to monarchy and his vision of democratic republics frightened the conservatives
• Guiseppe Mazzini relentlessly worked for a unified Italian republic

Question 15.
What were the immediate results of the July 1830 revolution ?

Answer:

• After the 1830, revolution the Bourbon kings who had been restored to power by the Congress of Vienna in 1815, were overthrown by the revolutionaries
• Constitutional monarchy was established with Louis Phillippe as its head
• It sparked off uprising in Brussels which led Belgium to break away from the United Kingdom of Netherlands
• Greece became independent in 1832

Question 16.
How did Romanticism seek to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiments during 18th century ?

Answer:

• Romanticism-referred to a cultural movement which sought to develop a particular form of national sentiment
• Romantic artists and poets generally criticised the glorification of reason and science
• They focussed on emotions, intuition and mystical feelings. Their effort was to create a sense of a
• shared collective heritage, a common cultural past as the basis of a nation
• Some German Romantics like Johann Gottfried Herder thought that through folk songs, folk poetry and folk dance, the true spirit of the nation could be popularised
• Herder claimed that true German culture was to be discovered among the common people

Question 17.
Who was Johann Gottfried Herder ? What is essential to the project of nation building according to him ?

Answer:

• Johann Gottfried Herder was German Philosopher
• According to him German culture was to be discovered through folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances and it was among common people
• Collecting and recording these forms of folk culture was essential to the project of nation - building
• The emphasis on vernacular language and the collection of local folklore not only recover ancient national spirit but also carry nationalist message to large audiences who were mostly illiterate

Question 18.
How the cultural activities of Poland helped in keeping the national feelings of the people alive ?

Answer:

• Language and music played an important role in keeping national feelings of people alive
• Use of Polish language, even after the use of Polish language was forced out of schools and Russian language imposed everywhere
• Use of Polish by church clergy in church gatherings and for all religious instructions
• Karol Kurpinski celebrated the national struggle through his operas and music. He turned dances like Polonaise and mazurka into nationalist symbols

Question 19.
Why was the decade of 1830s known as great economic hardship in Europe ?

Answer:

• There was an enormous increase in population all over Europe. In most countries there were more seekers of jobs than employment
• Population from rural areas migrated to the cities to live in overcrowded slums Small producers in towns were often faced with tough competition from imports of cheap
• machine made goods from England, where industrialisation was more advanced than on the continent
• In those regions of Europe where the aristocracy still enjoyed power, peasants struggled under the hurden of feudal dues and obligations
• The rise of food prices or a year of bad harvest added their misery

Question 20.
Describe the condition of Italy before unification?

Answer:

1. Italy had a long history of political fragmentation, Italians were scattered over various dynastic states as well as multinational Habsburg empire
2. During the middle of the 19th century, Italy was divided into 7 states
3. Out of these states only Sardinia Piedmont was ruled by an Italian princely house
4. The North was under Austrian Habsburgs
5. The centre was ruled by the Pope and the Southern regions were under the domination of the Bourbon kings of Spain. There was no common language too

Question 21.
Name the Italian states before its unification and name the architects of the Italian nation?

Answer:

1. Piedmon and Sardinia
2. Lombardy
3. Venetia
4. Parma and Modena
5. Tuscany
6. Papal state
7. Kingdom of the two Sicilies
8. Names of architects of the Italian nation
9. Count Camillo de Cavour
10. Guiseppe Garibaldi
11. Guiseppe Mazzini
12. King Victor Emmanuel II

Question 22.
Who was Count de cavour ?

Answer:

• Count de cavour was a political leader, an Italian statesman and founder of the real Italian liberal party
• As chief minister Victor Emmanuel II, was the chief architect of the Italian nation
• Like mariy other wealthy and educated members of the Italian elite, he spoke French much better than he did Italian

Question 23.
What was the impact of the Act of Union on Scotland ?

Answer:

• The Act of Union (1707) between England and Scotland resulted in the formation of the United Kingdom
• The British parliament was dominated by the English members
• Scotlands distinctive culture and political institutions were systematically suppressed
• The Catholic clains, that inhabited the Scottish Highlands, suffered terrible repression. Whenever they tried to assert their independence
• The Scottish Highlanders were forbidden to speak their Gaelic language or wear their national dress
• Large numbers were forcibly driven out of their homeland
• Scotland survived only as a subordinate partner in the British nation

Question 24.
Give a short note on the Habsburg Empire ?

Answer:

1. It was a patchwork of many different regions and people
2. It included the Alpine regions - the Tryrol, Austria and the Sudetenland as well as Bohemia, where the aristocracy was predominantly German speaking
3. It also included the Italian - speaking provinces of Lombardy and Venetia

Question 25.
Explain any three conditions that led to the formation of the British Nation State ?

Answer:

1. The primary identities of the people who inhabited the British Isles were ethnic ones - such as English, Welsh, Scot* or Irish. All these ethnic groups had their own cultural and political traditions
2. But as the English nation steadily grew in wealth, importance and power, it was able to extend its influence over the other nations of the islands
3. English parliament, which seized power from the monarchy in 1688 at the end of a protracted conflict, was the instrument through which a nation-state, with England at its centre, came to be forged
4. The Act of Union (1707) between England and Scotland that resulted in the formation of the United Kingdom was able to impose its influence on Scotland
5. The British parliament was henceforth dominated by its English members

Question 26.
Describe the process of unification of Britain ?

Answer:

• In Britain, the formation of the nation states was the result of long drawn out process
• Primary identities of the people were ethnic ones
• All ethinic groups such as English, Welsh Scot or Irish had their own cultural and political traditions
• The English nation steadily grew in wealth and power
• It was able to extend its influence over the other nations
• The Act of Union 1707 between England and Scotland resulted in the formation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain

Question 27.
How Ireland got incorporated into the United Kingdom in 1801 ?

Answer:

• Ireland was a deeply divided country between Catholics and Protestants
• The English helped the protestants of Ireland to establish their dominance over the large Catholic population
• Catholic revolts were suppressed. After the failure of revolt led by Wolfe Tone and his United Irishmen (1798) against British dominance, Ireland was forcibly incorporated in 1801

Question 28.
What, were the symbols of the new British nation ?

Answer:

• The British nation was forged through the dominant English culture
• The symbols were the British Flag (Union Jack), the national anthem (God save our Noble king) and the English language
• The older nations survived only as subordinate partners in the union

Question 29.
What is an Allegory ? Explain with an example

Answer:

• When an abstract idea like freedom, liberty etc, is expressed through a person or a thing, it is called an Allegory
• These expressions has two meanings - one literal and the other - symbolic
• Ex: In France during the French Revolution the female allegory was named Marianne. Her characteristics were drawn from those of Liberty and the Republic - the red cap, the tricolour, the cockade

Question 30.
How had the female figure become an allegory of nation during the 19th century in Europe ?

Answer:

• During the French Revolution affists used the female allegory to portray ideas such as Liberty, Justice and the Republic
• Similar female allegories were invented by artists in the 19th century to represent the nation
• These female figures gave an exact idea of the nation in a concrete form and stood as symbols of heroism and liberty respectively

Question 31.
What area was known as the Balkans ? Name the major powers who were involved in the Balkan conflict?

Answer:

• The vast territory lying between the Black Sea and the Adriatic Sea (a part of Mediterranean sea) was known as the Balkans
• Balkans was a region of geographic and ethnic variations
• It comprised the modern states of Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro etc
• All these states were once part of the Ottoman Empire and were inhabited by the people who were broadly known as Slavs
• Russia, Germania and Austria-Hungary

Question 32.
What conditions of Balkan areas led to World War I ?

Answer:

1. As the different Slavic nationalities struggled to define their identity and independence, the Balkan area became an area of intense conflict
2. The Balkah states were fiercely jealous of each other and each hoped to gain mole territory at the expense of others
3. During this period, there was intense rivalry among the European powers over trade and colonies as well as army and naval might
4. These rivalries were very evident in the way the Balkan problems unfolded. Each power - Russia, Germany, England, Austria - Hungary was keen on countering the hold of other powers over the Balkans and extending its own control over the area
5. This led to a series of wars in the region and finally the First World War

Question 33.
Differentiate between modern state and Nation state in Europe ?

Answer:

Nation State	Modern State
1) In a Nation state, citizens came to develop a common identity based on shared history	1) In a Modern state, centralised power . exercised Soverign control over a clearly defined territory
2) It overthrew Monarchy and dynasty in Europe	2) It was a long process which started in rule Europe in the 19th century

Question 34.
How did the local people in the areas conquered by Napoleon react to French rule ?

Answer:

1. The reactions of the local people in the areas conquered by Napoleon were mixed
2. Initially in many places such as Holland and Switzerland, as well as in certain cities like Brussels, Mainz, Milan and Warsaw, the French armies were welcomed as harbinger of liberty
3. But, when it became clear that the new administrative arrangements did not go hand in hand with political freedom, the local people turned to hostility
4. Increased taxation, censorship, forced conscription into the French armies required to conquer the rest of Europe, all seemed to outweigh the advantages of the administrative changes

Question 35.
Which conditions were viewed as obstacles to economic exchange and growth by the new commerical classes during Napoleons rule ?

Answer:

• There was an enormous increase in population
• Feudal system, serfdom and manorial dues were taxing for the poor landless peasants
• There were no standardised weights and measures and neither a common national currency
• There was an increased taxation, censorship, forced recruitment into the French armies to conquer Europe
• There was no freedom to peasants, artisans, workers and new businessmen

Question 36.
Mention two reasons why the-ideology of liberalism and nationalism were late in developing in central and eastern Europe ?

Answer:

• In Central and Eastern Europe, industrialisation began only in the late 19th century
• Social groups like working class and educated middle class were smaller in number
• It was among the educated liberal middle class that ideas of national unity and liberalism gained popularity and since then this class grew later in central and Eastern Europe. Due to late
• industrialisation in this region, the ideology of liberalism and nationalism also developed later as compared to Britain and Western Europe

Question 37.
Metternich once remarked "when France sneezes the rest of Europe catches a cold." Discuss this statement in reference to the July Revolution of 1830

Answer:

• This statement was made by Metternich
• The idea of liberty and democratic rights were the most important legacy of the French Revolution of 1789
• he Revolution of 1789 had a far reaching impact on the whole world
• The period from 1830-1848 was known as the Age of Revolution and even in this case the first upheal took place in France in July 1830
• The Revolution in France sparked an uprising in Brussels and even in other parts of Europe

Question 38.
The 1830s were years of great economic hardships in Europe." Explain how ?

Answer:

• There was rapid increase in population during the first half of the 19th century which led to widespread unemployment
• The unemployed rural people migrated from villages to cities for earning bread. This worsened the living conditions in towns
• Cheap machine-made goods from England made it impossible for the small producers to compete. Peasants suffered because of less agrarian facilities, burden of feudal dues and obligations, had harvest and price rise
• It led to wide spread of rural poverty

Question 39.
Mention the events that occurred in Europe between the period 1831 to 1847?

Answer:

• An armed rebellion against Russian rule took place in Poland in 1831. But this was crushed
Guiseppe Mazzini, an Italian revolutionary, tried to put together a programme for unification of Italy. Mazzini became a member of the Secret Society of the Carbonari. He attempted a revolution in Liguria, but failed
• Zollverein (a customs union) was formed in 1834. This union abolished tarrif barriers and also reduced the number of currencies from 30 to 2. This economic union was a precursor to political unification of Germany (1871)
• Silesia weavers led a revolt against contractors in 1845. The contractors reduced the payments to workers drastically

Question 40.
"Equality before law did not stand for universal suffrage in France after the revolution." Explain with suitable examples

Answer:

1. Equality before law did not necessarily stand for universal suffrage
In revolutionary France, which marked the first political experiment in liberal democracy, the right to
2. vote and to get elected was granted exclusively to property¬owning men
3. Men without property and all women were excluded from political rights. Only for a brief period under the Jacobins did all adult males enjoy suffrage
4. However, the Napoleonic code went back to limited suffrage and reduced women to the status of a mirror, subject to authority of fathers and husbands
5. Throughout the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries women and non-propertied men organised opposition movements demanding equal political rights

Question 41.
Read the source given below and answer the ?

In 1848, a revolution led by the educated middle classes was underway. Men and women of liberal middle class demanded creation of a nation - state on parliamentary principles - a constitution and freedom of association. A large number of political associations came together in Frankfurt to vote for an all-German National Assembly. On J8 may 1848,831 elected representatives marched to take their places in the Frankfurt parliament convinced in the Church of St Paul. The Constitution drafted for German nation was headed by a monarchy, subject to a parliament. The crown was offered to Friedrich Wilhem IV, King of Prussia but he rejected it and joined other monarchs to oppose the elected assembly. The Middle Class

Answer the Questions:

Questions i).
Where was the Frankfurt parliament held ?

Answer: Frankfurt parliament was held in the Church of St Paul

Questions ii).
What was the demand of Men and women of liberal middle class people ?

Answer: Men and women of liberal middle class demanded creation of a nation - state on parliamentary principles - a constitution and freedom of association

Questions iii).
How did women participate in liberal movement ?

Answer: Women formed their own Political associations, founded newspaper and took part in political meeting and demonstrations

AP 10th Class Social History 1st Lesson Important Questions: 2 Marks

Question 1.
What was the main aim of the French revolutionaries ?

Answer:

• The main aim of the French Revolutionaries was to establish a system based on equal prospects and freedom speech
• The system must accept sovereignty and a representative government

Question 2.
What political and constitutional changes did take place in the wake of the French Revolution in 1789 ?

Answer:

• The French Revolution led to the transfer of sovereignty from the monarch to a body of French Citizens
• The revolution proclaimed that it was the people who would hence- forth constitute the nation shape to its destiny

Question 3.
Why did the people in the conquered territories become hostile to Napoleons rule ?

Answer:

• The people became hostile due to the increased taxation, censorship, forced conscription into the French ariiffes required to conquer the rest of Europe
• All these seemed to outweigh the advantages of the administrative changes

Question 4.
Who was Guiseppe Mazzini ?

Answer:

• Guiseppe Mazzini was an Italian revolutionary born in Genoa in 1807
• He became a member of the Secret Society of Carbonari

Question 5.
What were the underground societies formed by Mazzini ?

Answer:

• Young Italy in Marseillas
• Young Europe in Berne

Question 6.
What happened in the first upheaval of France in 1830 ?

Answer: The Bourbon kings, who had been restored to power during the conservative reaction after 1815, were now overthrown by liberal revolutionaries, who installed a constitutional monarchy with Louis Philippe at its head

Question 7.
What happened in 1848 revolution in France ?

Answer:

• Louis Philippe was force&to flee and National Assembly proclaimed a Republic
• Suffrage was granted to all adult males above 21.
• Right to work was guaranteed
• National workshops to provide employment were set up

Question 8.
Who was Otto von Bismarck ?

Answer:

• Bismarck was the Chief Minister of Prussia and was the architect of the unification of Germany
• He carried out this process of unification with the help of Prussian army and bureaucracy

Question 9.
Describe the role of Guiseppe Mazzini in Italys unification?

Answer:

• Mazzini had sought to put together a coherent programme for a unitary Italian Republic
• He had formed a Secret Society, called Young Italy to achieve his goal

Question 10.
How did Ireland become a part of United Kingdom ?

Answer:

• Catholic revolts in Ireland against the British dominance were supressed
• The revolt led by Wolfe Tone and his united Irishmen failed
Then Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom

Question 11.
What is an Allegory ? Give an example to clarify the same?

Answer:

• When an abstract idea for instance : greed, envy, freedom, liberty is expressed through a person or a thing it is symbolic
• Example, statue of Liberty, Marianne, Germania etc

Question 12.
What was the Allegory of Germany ?

Answer:

• Germania became the Allegory of the German Nation
• In visual representations, Germania wears a crown of Oak leaves, as the German Oak stands for heroism

Question 13.
Name the Italian states before its unification?

Answer:

• Piedmont and Sardinia
• Lomberdy
• Venefia
• Parana and Modena
• Tuscany
• Papal state
• Kingdom of the two Sicilies

Question 14.
Who were Marianne and Germania ?

Answer:

• Marianne was a female form of allegory to personify the French nation
• Germani was the allegory of the German nation

Question 15.
Why Balkan nations were in trouble ?

Answer:

• Large part of the Balkans was under the control of the Ottoman Empire
• The spread of the idea of romantic nationalist in the Balkans together with disintegration of the Ottoman Empire made this region explosive

Question 16.
What was the main aim of the revolutionaries behind the French Revolution ?

Answer: The revolutionaries declared that it was the mission and the destiny of the French nation to liberate the people Europe from despotism and to help other people of Europe to become nations

Question 17.
What were the changes introduced by Napoleon after becoming the Monarch ?

Answer:

• Napoleon destroyed democracy in France
• But, in the administrative field, he had incorporated revolutionary principles in order to make the whole system mole rational and efficient

Question 18.
Mention three features of the painting of Frederic Sorrieu?

Answer:

• Men and women walking across the statue of liberty offering homage
• Statue of liberty has a torch of enlightenment and charter of the Rights of man
• On the Earth lie the shattered remains of the symbols of absolutist institutions

Question 19.
How Napoleonic trade benefited the businessmen and small scale producers ?

Answer:

• Businessmen and small scale producers of goods realised that uniform law and - standarised weights and measures would benefit them
• They also realised that a common currency would facilitate the movement and exchange of goods and capital from one region to another

Question 20.
What was the Zollverein ? How it was formulated and for what purpose it was formulated ?

Answer:

• Zollverein was the customs union that was formed among most of the German states
• Zollverein was formulated under the initiative of Prussia in 1834
• Zollverein abolished tarrif barriers and reduced the number of currencies from thirty to two

Question 21.
What do you understand by conservatism ?

Answer: Conservatism was a political philosophy that stressed the importance of tradition, established institutions and customs and preferred gradual development to quick change

Question 22.
What is meant being a revolutionary in the years following 1815 ?

Answer:

• Commitment to oppose monarchial forms established after the Congress of Vienna
• To fight for liberty and freedom
• To work towards creation of nation states

Question 23.
What were the demands of Liberals?

Answer:

• Creation of a nation state on parliamentary principles, freedom of the press and freedom of association
• Liberalism stood for freedom of the individual and equality before law

Question 24.
Why Frankfurt Parliaments offer was rejected by Friedrich Wilhelm IV king of Prussia ?

Answer:

• Frankfurt Parliaments offer of the crown was rejected by Friedrich Wilhelm IV king of Prussia because the drafted constitution was not acceptable to the king
• The Frankfurt Parliament had drafted a constitution for a German nation to be headed by a monarch subject to a parliament

Question 25.
Who were the main architects of the unification of Germany ?

Answer:

• The Prussian Chancellor or Chief Minister Otto von Bismarck
• The Prussian king William I. He was proclaimed the German Emperor at Versailles in 1871

Question 26.
How did women retaliate for their rights in Germany ?

• Women formed their own political associations, founded newspapers and took part in political meetings and demonstrations
• Despite this, women were denied suffrage rights during the election of the Assembly of Frankfurt parliament

Question 27.
What was Mazzinis role in the unification of Italy ?

Answer:

• Mazzini believed that god had intended nations to be the natural units of mankind
So, Italy could not continue to be a patchwork of small states and kingdoms
• It had to be forged into a single unified republic within a under alliance of nation

Question 28.
Name the leader and the state which gave leadership in Italian unification?

Answer:

• Victor Emmanuel II, the king of piedmont and Sardinia gave leadership in Italian unification
• He was proclaimed king of united Italy in 1861

Question 29.
What was the Act of Union ?

Answer:

• The Act of union was signed between England and Scotland in 1707
• It resulted in the formation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain
• In effect it meant that England was able to impose it s influence on Scotland

Question 30.
Why anti-imperialist movements were nationalists ?

Answer: The anti-imperial movements that developed everywhere were nationalist in the sense that they all struggled to form independent nation - states and were inspired by a sense of collective national unity, forged in confrontation with imperialism

Question 31.
Who were Marianne and Germania ?

Answer:

• Marianne a female form was an allegory to personify the French nation
• Similarly Germania became the allegory of the German nation

AP 10th Class Social History 1st Lesson Important

Questions: 1 Mark

Question 1.
Who was Frederic Sorrieu ?

Answer: Frederic Sorrieu was a French artist, who prepared a series of four prints, visualising his dream of a world made up of democratic and social republics

Question 2.
To which country did the artist Frederic Sorrieu belong ?

Answer: France.

Question 3.
Why Frederic Sorrieu prepared a series of print based on democratic and socialist republics ?

Answer: To depict his Utopian vision where the people of the world are grouped as distinct nations, identified through Flag and national costumes offering homage to the statue of Liberty

Question 4.
What is Utopian ?

Answer: Utopian is a vision of society that is so ideal that it is unlikely to actually exist

Question 5.
What are the advantages of a nation ? State one advantage?

Answer: The existence of nations is a guarantee of liberty, which would be lost if the world had only one law and only one master

Question 6.
What was the concept of amodern state?

Answer: A centralised power exercised sovereign control over a clearly defined territory

Question 7.
What does Nation-state mean ?

Answer: A nation state was the one in which the majority of its citizens and not only its rulers, came to develop a sense of common identity and shared history or descent

Question 8.
What do the ideas of la patrie and Ye citoyen emphasize ?

Answer: The ideas of la patrie and le citoyen emphasised the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution

Question 9.
What was the name given to The Estates General ?

Answer: National Assembly

Question 10.
State any one step that could create a sense of collective identity among the French people?

Answer: The ideas of die fatherland and the citizen emphasised the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution

Question 11.
Which clubs were set up after the French Revolution ? By whom ?

Answer: Jacobin clubs-students and other members of educated middle classes set up Jacobin clubs

Question 12.
What does Absolutist mean ?

Answer: In history, the term refers to a form of monarchial government that was centralised militarised and repressive

Question 13.
What isPlebiscite?

Answer: A direct vote by which all people of a region are asked to accept or reject a proposal

Question 14.
How Nationalism emerged in 19th century in Europe ?

Answer: Nationalism emerged as a force which brought about sweeping changes in the physical and mental world of Europe

Question 15.
How French became the common language of the nation ?

Answer: French was spoken and written in Paris, so it became the common language of the nation.

Question 16.
How the Napoleon code was implemented in the regions under French control ?

Answer: In the Dutch Republic, in Switzerland, in Italy and Germany, Napoleon simplified administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues

Question 17.
With what other name is Civil Code of 1804 known ?

Answer: Napoleonic code.

Question 18.
What were the measures taken according to the Napoleonic code ?

Answer: Napoleonic code did away all the privileges based on birth. Established equality before the law. Secured the Right to property.

Question 19.
What was Habsburg Empire ?

Answer: The Habsburg Empire that ruled over Austria - Hungary was a patch work of many different regions and peoples

Question 20.
What was the tie that binded the diverse groups together ?

Answer: Common allegiance to the emperor

Question 21.
Initially what was the class that dominated the Europe continent socially and politically ?

Answer: Landed aristocracy

Question 22.
What was the way that united the members of the landed aristocracy ?

Answer: The common way of life that cut across regional divisions

Question 23.
When did the industrialisation begin in England ?

Answer: In the second half of the 18th century

Question 24.
When did the industrialisation begin in France and parts of the German states ?

Answer: During 19th century

Question 25.
What were the new social groups that came into being during the industrialisation period ?

Answer: Working - class population, new middle classes made up of industrialists, businessmen, professionals

Question 26.
From where did the term liberalism derive ?

Answer: The term liberalism derived from the Latin root liber meaning free

Question 27.
How the middle class understood the word liberalism ?

Answer: For the new middle classes liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality before the law

Question 28.
How the concept of liberalism emphasised politically ?

Answer: Politically the concept of liberalism emphasised government by consent

Question 29.
For what the 19th century liberals stressed ?

Answer: 19th century liberals stressed the individuality of private property

Question 30.
Who were excluded from the political rights ?

Answer: Men without property and all women were excluded from political rights

Question 31.
What was the difference in suffrage between Jacobins and the Napoleonic code ?

Answer: Under Jacobins all adult males enjoyed suffrage under Napoleonic code limited the suffrage

Question 32.
How the women were treated under Napoleonic Code ?

Answer: Napoleonic code reduced women to the status of a minor, subject to the authority of fathers and husbands

Question 33.
What do you mean by suffrage ?

Answer: Right to Vote

Question 34.
Which customs union was formed in 1834 ? Who joined in it ?

Answer: In 1834 a customs union - Zollverein was formed at the initiative of Prussia and joined by most of the German states

Question 35.
Why was Zollverein formed ?

Answer: To harness economic interests which lead to National unification of Germany

Question 36.
What was the strong demand of the emerging middle classes in Europe during the 19th century ?

Answer: The strong demand of emerging middle class in Europe was freedom of markets and the abolition of state - imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital

Question 37.
How did liberalism stand in the economic sphere ?

Answer: In the economic sphere, liberalism stood for the freedom of markets and the abolition , of state - imposed restrictions on the movements of goods and capital

Question 38.
When was Napoleon defeated ?

Answer: Napoleon was defeated in 1815

Question 39.
What do you mean by conservatism ?

Answer: Conservatism is a political philosophy that stresses the importance of tradition, established institutions and customs, and preferred, gradual development to quick change

Question 40.
Which Congress was held in 1815 ? By whom was it hosted ?

Answer: Congress of Vienna was held in 1815. The Congress was hosted by the Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich

Question 41.
Name the countries which met in Vienna?

Answer: Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria

Question 42.
What was the policy adopted at Vienna (1815) about the monarchies that had been overthrown by Napoleon ?

Answer: The main intention was to restore the monarchies that had been overthrown by Napoleon and create a new conservative order in Europe

Question 43.
Name any one dynasty that had been deposed during French Revolution and restored to power?

Answer: The Bourbon

Question 44.
Why a series of states were setup on the boundaries of France ?

Answer: To prevent French expansion in future