Solutions

The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

Question 1
Elle, the measuring unit in Germany was used to measure?
Year of Question(:2010)
  • cloth
  • thread
  • land
  • height

Answer: cloth

Question 2.
The headquarter of the United Nations is at?
Year of Question :(2011)
  • Geneva
  • Paris
  • New York
  • Washington, D.C.

Answer: New York

Explanation The headquarter of the United Nations is at New York. The United Nations is headquartered in New York City, in a complex designed by a board of architects led by Wallace Harrison, and built by the architectural firm Harrison & Abramovitz. The complex has served as the official headquarters of the United Nations since its completion in 1952.

Question 3.
Zollevrein started in 1834 in Prussia refers to a?
Year of Question :(2007)
  • Trade Union
  • Customs Union
  • Labour Union
  • Farmer Union

Answer:Customs Union

Question 4.
What do the saints, angels and Christ symbolise in the Utopian vision?
Year of Question: (2018)
  • Equality among people
  • Fraternity among nations
  • Freedom of nations
  • Resentment against nations

Answer:Fraternity among nations

Question 5.
Who were the Junkers?
Year of Question :(2010)
  • Soldiers
  • Large landowners
  • Aristocracy
  • Weavers

Answer:Large landowners

Question 6.
Which treaty recognised Greece as an independent nation?
Year of Question :(2011)
  • Treaty of Constantinople, 1832
  • Treaty of Vienna, 1815
  • Treaty of Versailles, 1871
  • None of these

Answer:Treaty of Constantinople 1832

Question 7.
By which of the following treaties was the United Kingdom of Great Britainformed?
Year of Question: (2008)
  • Treaty of Versailles
  • Act of Union
  • Treaty of Paris
  • Treaty of Vienna

Answer:Act of Union

Question 8.
Which of the following group of powers collectively defeated Napoleon?
Year of Question:(2012)
  • England, France, Italy, Russia
  • England, Austria, Spain, Russia
  • Austria, Prussia, Russia, Britain
  • Britain, Prussia, Russia, Italy

Answer:Austria, Prussia, Russia, Britain

Question 9.
Romanticism refers to a?
Year of Question :(2010)
  • cultural movement
  • religious movement
  • political movement
  • literary movement

Answer:cultural movement

Question 10.
Which one of the following types of government was functioning in France before the revolution of 1789?
Year of Question :(2010)
  • Dictatorship
  • Military
  • Body of French Citizen
  • Monarchy

Answer:Monarchy

Question 11.
Which of the following countries is considered as the cradle of European civilization?
Year of Question :(2010)
  • England
  • France
  • Greece
  • Russia

Answer:Greece

Question 12.
Choose the correct nationality of the artist Frederic Sorrieu who visualised in his painting a society made up of Democratic and Social Republic?
Year of Question :(2011)
  • German
  • Swiss
  • French
  • American

Answer:Swiss

Question 13.
Nationalism, which emerged as a force in the late 19th century, means?
Year of Question :(2006)
  • strong devotion for one own country and its history and culture
  • strong devotion for one own country without appreciation for other nations
  • strong love for one own country and hatred for others
  • equally strong devotion for all the countries of the world

Answer:strong devotion for one own country and its history and culture

Question 14.
Match the term with the statements given below A Utopian Society is?
Year of Question :(2010)
  • a society under a benevolent monarchy
  • a society that is unlikely to ever exist
  • a society under the control of a chosen few wise men
  • a society under Parliamentary Democracy
  • (1) and (2)
  • (2) and (3)
  • (2) only
  • (3) only

Answer:a society that is unlikely to ever exist

Question 15.
Pick out the correct definition to define the term Plebiscite?
Year of Question :(2011)
  • Plebiscite is a direct vote by which only the female members of a region are asked to accept or reject a proposal
  • Plebiscite is a direct vote by the female members of a matriarchal system to accept or reject a proposal
  • Plebiscite is a direct vote by only a chosen few from the total population of a parti-cular region to accept or reject a proposal
  • Plebiscite is a direct vote by which all the citizens of a region are asked to accept or reject a proposal

Answer:Plebiscite is a direct vote by which all the citizens of a region are asked to accept or reject a proposal

Question 16.
Ernst Renan believed that the existence of nations is a necessity because?
Year of Question :(2011)
  • it ensures protection to all inhabitants
  • it ensures liberty to all inhabitant citizens
  • it ensures Parliamentary form of govern-ment to its inhabitants
  • it ensures jobs and good health to all its inhabitants

Answer:it ensures liberty to all inhabitant citizens

Question 17.
Which of the following countries did not attend the Congress of Vienna?
Year of Question :(2006)
  • Britain
  • Russia
  • Prussia
  • Switzerland

Answer:Switzerland

Question 18.
The first great revolution which gave the clear idea of nationalism with its core words: Liberty, Equality and Fraternity was?
Year of Question :(2010)
  • The Russian Revolution
  • The French Revolution
  • The American Revolution
  • India First War of Independence

Answer:The French Revolution

Question 19.
Which of the following statements about the French Revolution are correct?
Year of Question :(2010)
  • After the end of the French Revolution it was proclaimed that it was the people who would henceforth constitute the nation and shape its destiny
  • France will have a constitutional monarchy and the new republic will be headed by a member of the royal family
  • A centralised administrative system will be put in place to formulate uniform laws for all citizens
  • Imposition of internal custom duties and dues will continue to exist in France
  • (2) and (3)
  • (2) and (4)
  • (1) and (3)
  • (3) and (4)

Answer: A centralised administrative system will be put in place to formulate uniform laws for all citizens

Question 20.
The French revolutionaries declared that the mission and destiny of the French nation was?
Year of Question :(2011)
  • to conquer the people of Europe
  • to liberate the people of Europe from despotism
  • to strengthen absolute monarchies in all the countries of Europe
  • to propagate the ideals of liberty, equality, and fraternity in every part of the world

Answer:to liberate the people of Europe from despotism

Question 21.
The Civil Code of 1804 in France is usually known as?
Year of Question :(2008)
  • The French Revolutionary Code
  • Napoleonic Code
  • European Imperial Code
  • The French Civil Code

Answer: Napoleonic Code

Question 22.
The Napoleonic Code was exported to which of the following regions?
Year of Question :(2008)
  • England
  • Spain
  • Regions under French control
  • Poland

Answer: Regions under French control

Question 23.
The liberal nationalism stands for?
Year of Question :(2011)
  • freedom for the individual and equality before law
  • preservation of autocracy and clerical privileges
  • freedom for only male members of society and equality before law
  • freedom only for senior citizens

ans: freedom for the individual and equality before law

Question 24.
Who among the following formed the secret society called Young Italy?
Year of Question:(2012)
  • Otto von Bismarck
  • Giuseppe Mazzini
  • Mettemich
  • Johann Gottfried Herder

Answer: Giuseppe Mazzini

Question 25.
The term Universal Suffrage means?
Year of Question :(2011)
  • the right to vote and get elected, granted only to men
  • the right to vote for all adults
  • the right to vote and get elected, granted exclusively to property owning men
  • the right to vote and get elected, granted only to educated men and women

Answer: the right to vote for all adults

Question 26.
Which of the following is not a feature or belief of Conservatism?
Year of Question:(2010)
  • Conservatives believe in established, traditional institutions of state and policy
  • Conservatives stressed the importance of tradition and preferred gradual develop¬ment to quick change
  • Conservatives proposed to return to the society of pre-revolutionary days and were against the ideas of modernisation to strengthen monarchy
  • Conservatives believed in the monarchy, church, and other social hierarchies

Answer: Conservatives proposed to return to the society of pre-revolutionary days and were against the ideas of modernisation to strengthen monarchy

Question 27.
The Treaty of recognized Greece?
Year of Question :(2015)
as an independent nation:
  • Vienna 1815
  • Constantinople 1832
  • Warsaw 1814
  • Leipzig 1813

Answer: Constantinople1832

Question 28.
Who said When France sneezes, the rest of Europe catches cold?
Year of Question:(2011)
  • Garibaldi
  • Bismarck
  • Mazzini
  • Duke Metternich

Answer: Duke Metternich

Question 29.
What happened to Poland at the end of 18th century. Which of the following answers is correct?
Year of Question :(2016)
  • Poland achieved independence at the end of the 18th century
  • Poland came totally under the control of Russia and became part of Russia
  • Poland became the part of East Germany
  • Poland was partitioned at the end of the 18th century by three Great Powers: Russia, Prussia and Austria

Answer: Poland was partitioned at the end of the 18th century by three Great Powers: Russia, Prussia and Austria

Question 30.
Who played the leading role in the unification of Germany?
Year of Question :(2010)
  • German Emperor (formerly King of Prussia) - Kaiser William I.
  • Otto Von Bismarck (Prussian Chief Minister)
  • Johann Gottfried Herder - German philosopher
  • Austrian Chancellor - Duke Metternich

Answer: Otto Von Bismarck (Prussian Chief Minister)

Question 31.
Three wars over seven years with Austria, Denmark, Germany and France, ended in?
Year of Question:(2009)
  • Danish victory
  • Prussian victory
  • French victory
  • German victory

Answer: Prussian victory

Question 32.
Who was proclaimed the emperor of Germany in 1871?
Year of Question :(2009)
  • Otto Von Bismarck
  • Victor Emmanuel II
  • Count Cavour
  • Kaiser William I of Prussia

Answer: Kaiser William I of Prussia

Question 33.
Who became the King of United Italy in 1861?
Year of Question :(2010)
  • Giuseppe Garibaldi
  • Victor Emmanuel II
  • Count Cavour
  • Giuseppe Mazzini

Answer: Victor Emmanuel II

Question 34.
What helped in the formation of a nation-state in Britain?
Year of Question :(2011)

Answer: The parliament through a bloodless revolution seized power from the monarchy which gradually led to the emergence of a nation-state

  • The formation of a nation-state in Britain was the result of a sudden upheaval
  • In 1688, the monarchy in Britain had seized the power from English Parliament
  • The parliament through a bloodless revolution seized power from the monarchy which gradually led to the emergence of a nation-state
  • The British nation was formed as a result of a war with Scotland and Wales
Question 35.
Who was responsible for the unification of Germany?
Year of Question :(2010)
  • Count Cavour
  • Bismarck
  • Garibaldi
  • Giuseppe Mazzini

Answer:Bismarck

Question 36.
The allegory of the German nation who wears a crown of oak leaves was a?
Year of Question :(2011)
  • Marianne
  • Union Jack
  • Britannia
  • Germania

Answer: Germania

Question 37.
A large part of Balkan region was under the control of?
Year of Question :(2014)
  • Russian empire
  • Ottoman empire
  • German empire
  • Habsburg rulers

Answer: Ottoman empire

Question 38.
Austrian Chancellor -------- hosted the Congress of Vienna?
Year of Question :(2011)

Answer:Duke Mettemich

Question 39.
The first clear expression of nationalism came with the -------- ?
Year of Question: (2011)

Answer:French revolution

Question 40.
The Civil Code of 1804 was known as the --------?
Year of Question :(2001)

Answer:Napoleonic Code

Question 41.
-------- became the allegory of the German nation?
Year of Question :(2011)

Answer: Germania

Question 42.
Frederic Sorrieu was a --------?
Year of Question: (2011)

Answer:French artist

Question 43.
A large part of the Balkans was under the control of the --------Empire?
Year of Question :(2010)

Answer: Ottoman

Question 44.
Conservative regimes set up in 1815 were democratic in nature. (True/False)?
Year of Question :(2011)

Answer:False

Question 45.
A direct vote by which all the people of a region are asked to accept or reject a proposal is known as lapatrie. (True/False)?
Year of Question :(2011)

Answer:False

Question 46.
In 1861, Friedrich Wilhelm IV was proclaimed the king of united Italy. (True/False)?
Year of Question :(2011)

ans: False

Question 47.
The term absolutist referred to monarchical government. (True/False)?
Year of Question :(2001)

Answer: True

Question 48.
The Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognised Greece as an independent nation. (True/F alse)?
Year of (2011)

Answer:True

Question 49.
Giuseppe Mazzini formed a secret society called Young Italy for the dissemination of his goals. (True/False)?
Year of Question :(2010)

Answer:True

Question 50.
To which country did the artist Frederic Sorrieu belong? [Delhi 2017(C)]?
Year of Question :(2011)

Answer: Artist Frederic Sorrieu belonged to France

Question 51.
What is referred to as Absolutism?
Year of Question :(2004)

Answer:Unrestricted, despotic and authoritarian monarchial system of rule or government is referred to as absolutism

Question 52.
Define Nation?
Year of Question :(2003)

Answer:A body of people who are united by same past, culture, political system and common interests can be defined as a Nation

Question 53
What was the concept of a nation-state?
Year of Question: (2010)

Answer:The concept of a nation-state was one in which people and rulers of land came together to develop a sense of common identity and shared history

Question 54.
Define Plebiscite?
Year of Question:(2011)

Answer: is a system of direct vote by which the people of a region, themselves decide to accept or reject a proposal

Question 55.
Match the columns?
Year of Question :(2011)
Column A Column B
  • French Revolution
  • brought the conservative regimes back to power
  • (i) Liberalism
  • (ii) ensured right to property for the privileged
  • Napoleonic Code
  • ( iii) recognised Greece as an independent nation
  • The Treaty of Vienna
  • ( iv) transfer of sovereignty from monarch to the French citizens
  • Treaty of Constantinople
  • (v) individual freedom and equality before law

    Answer:

    • (iv)
    • (v)
    • (ii)
    • (i)
    • (iii)
    Question 56.
    Which form of government was operating in France before the revolution of 1789?
    Year of Question :(2011)

    Answer: Monarchy

    Question 57.
    What was the mission of the French revolutionaries?
    Year of Question: (2011)

    Answer:The mission of the French revolutionaries was to liberate the people of Europe from despotism and help people to form nations

    Question 58.
    What was Napoleonic Code?
    Year of Question :(2010)

    Answer:Napoleonic code refers to reforms incorporated in administration to make the syStem more rational and efficient

    Question 59.
    Name the provinces under the Habsburg Empire?
    Year of Question :(2010)

    Answer:The Habsburg Empire ruled over Austria- Hungary. It included the Alpine region of Tyrol, Austria, Sudetenland as well as Bohemia along with Italian speaking provinces of Lombardy and Venetia

    Question 60.
    Name the two Italian-speaking provinces of the Habsburg Empire?
    Year of Question:(2009)

    Answer: Lombardy and Venetia

    Question 61.
    What was the tie that bind the diverse groups of Habsburg Empire?
    Year of Question:(2013)

    Answer: Common allegiance to the emperor

    Question 62.
    What did the new social group comprise of that came into being in the 19th century comprised of?
    Year of Question :(2010)

    Answer:The new social group that came into being in the 19th century comprised of working class and middle class made up of industrialists, businessmen and professionals

    Question 63.
    What ideas gained popularity among the educated liberal middle class?
    Year of Question :(2011)

    Answer:The ideas of national unity following the abolition of aristocratic privileges gained popularity among the educated liberal middle class

    Question 64.
    What did liberalism stand for the new middle classes?
    Year of Question :(2019)

    Answer:For new middle classes, liberalism Stood for freedom for individual and equality of all before the law

    Question 65.
    What did 19th century liberals stress upon?
    Year of Question :(2008)

    Answer:19th century liberals stressed upon inviolability of private property

    Question 66.
    What does suffrage mean?
    Year of Question :(2010)

    Answer:Suffrage means the right to vote

    Question 67.
    What was the status of women under the Napoleonic Code?
    Year of Question :(2011)

    Answer:Napoleonic code reduced women to the status of a minor, subjected to the authority of fathers and husbands

    Question 68.
    What did liberalism stand for the economic sphere?
    Year of Question :(2012)

    Answer:In the economic sphere, liberalism stood for freedom of markets and abolition of restriction on the movement of goods and capital

    Question 69.
    What was the strong demand of the emerging middle class in Europe during the 19th century? [Foreign 2016]?
    Year of Question :(2011)

    Answer:Freedom of markets and abolition of restriction on the movement of goods and capital were strong demands of the emerging middle class in Europe during the 19th century

    Question 70.
    What was the basic philosophy of the conservatives?
    Year of Question :(2011)

    Answer:The basic philosophy of the conservatives was to preserve the traditional institutions such as church, monarchy, social hierarchies, property and family etc

    Question 71.
    Which dynasty was deposed during the French Revolution and later restored to power by conservatives?
    Year of Question :(2010)

    Answer:The Bourbon dynasty

    Question 72.
    What was the nature of Conservative regimes set up in 1815?
    Year of Question :(2011)

    Answer: The conservative regimes set up in 1815 were autocratic in nature

    Question 73.
    What was the major issue taken up by the liberal nationalists?
    Year of Question :(2010)

    Answer:The liberal nationalists took up the issue of freedom autocratic of press

    Question 74.
    What was the main aim of the revolutionaries of Europe?
    Year of Question :(2016)

    Answer: The European revolutionaries aimed at opposing the monarchial order established after the Vienna Congress and struggle for liberty and freedom

    Question 75.
    What views did Giuseppe Mazzini have about Italy?
    Year of Question :(2009)

    Answer:It was Mazzini belief that God wanted nations to be the natural units of mankind. So Italy could no longer be a patchwork of small states. It had to take shape of a single unified republic within a wider alliance of nations

    Question 76.
    How was Mazzini described by Mettemich?
    Year of Question :(2011)

    Answer:Mettemich described Mazzini as the most dangerous enemy of the social order

    Question 77.
    Who headed the constitutional monarchy installed by liberal revolutionaries in 1830?
    Year of Question :(2010)

    Answer:Louis Philippe headed the constitutional monarchy installed by liberal revolutionaries in 1830

    Question 78.
    Who remarked "When France sneezes the rest of Europe catches cold"? ?
    Year of Question :(2016)

    Answer: Duke Mettemich

    Question 79.
    How did Lord Byron contribute to the Greek war of Independence?
    Year of Question :(2011)

    Answer:Lord Byron, an English poet, organised funds for the Greek struggle against the Ottoman Empire and also participated in the war

    Question 80.
    What did the Romantic artists and poets criticise?
    Year of Question :(2019)

    Answer:They criticised glorification of reason and science

    Question 81.
    Who claimed that true German culture was to be discovered among the common people?
    Year of Question :(2011)

    Answer:German philosopher, a Romanticist, Johann Gottfried Hardor

    Question 82.
    What is meant by das volk?
    Year of Question :(2011)

    Answer:Das volk is a German word meaning common people

    Question 83.
    What was the term given to true spirit of a nation in Germany?
    Year of Question :(2016)

    Answer: Volksgeist

    Question 84.
    What was the result of the rise in population in Europe in the first half of the 19th century?
    Year of Question :(2013)

    Answer:It created unemployment and many people from the mral areas started migrating to the cities in search of jobs

    Question 85.
    Where was the Frankfurt Parliament convened?
    Year of Question :(2010)

    Answer:The Frankfurt Parliament was convened at the Church of St Paul

    Question 86.
    Why did the middle class lose its support after the failure of the Frankfurt Parliament?
    Year of Question :(2014)

    Answer:Because they resisted the demands of the workers and the artisans

    Question 87.
    Which state led the unification of Germany?
    Year of Question :(2011)

    Answer:Prussia led the unification of Germany

    Question 88.
    Who holds the credit of unifying Germany?
    year of Question :(2016)

    Answer:Otto von Bismarck

    Question 89.
    Who was proclaimed the German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles in January 1871?
    Year of Question :(2015)

    Answer: Kaiser William I

    Question 90.
    Who headed Sardinia-Piedmont?
    Year of Question :(2016)

    Answer: King Victor Emmanuel II

    Question 91.
    Who led the movement to unify the regions of Italy?
    Year of Question :(2017)

    Answer:Chief Minister of Sardinia - Piedmont Cavour

    Question 92.
    In 1861, who was proclaimed the king of united Italy?
    Year of Question :(2011)

    Answer: Victor Emmanuel II

    Question 93.
    Name the ethnic groups who inhabited the British Isles?
    Year of Question :(2018)

    Answer: The English, Welsh, Scot or Irish

    Question 94.
    What was the result of the Act of Union (1707)?
    Year of Question :(2016)

    Answer:The Act of Union 1707 resulted in the formation of United Kingdom of Great Britain with the incorporation of Scotland

    Question 95.
    What is an allegory?
    Year of Question:(2017)

    Answer:An idea expressed in the form of a person or a thing

    Question 96.
    Who represented France as nation?
    Year of Question :(2016)

    Answer: Marianne

    Question 97.
    What was Germania?
    Year of Question :(2011)

    Answer: It was an allegory of Germany

    Question 98.
    Who were the Slavs?
    Year of Question:(2018)

    Answer:The inhabitants of the regions under the Ottoman Empire like modem-day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro were called the Slavs

    Question 99.
    What made the Balkan area explosive?
    Year of Question :(2019)

    Answer:Spread of romantic nationalism and disintegration of Ottoman Empire

    Question 100.
    Name the powers that were keen in countering the hold of other powers over the Balkans and extending their control over the area?
    Year of Question :(2011)

    Answer:Russia, Germany, England and Austro- Hungary

    Question 101.
    What led Europe into disaster in 1914?
    Year of Question :(2018)

    Answer:Nationalism aligned with imperialism

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    Important Question

    Social Science Class 10 Important Questions History Chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

    Question 1.
    What was the major change that occurred in the political and constitutional scenario due to the French Revolution in Europe?
    Year of Question :(2015 D)

    Answer: It led to the transfer of sovereignty from the monarchy to a body of French citizens. The revolution proclaimed that it was the people who would henceforth constitute the nation and shape its destiny

    Question 2.
    What was the main aim of the French revolutionaries?
    Year of Question :(2015 D)

    Answer: The main aim of the French revolutionaries was to create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people. They proclaimed that it was the people who would constitute the nation and shape its decisions

    Question 3.
    What is the meaning of concentration camps?
    Year of Question :(2015 D)

    Answer: Concentration camps are prisons where people are detained and tortured without due process of law

    Question 4.
    Name the Treaty of 1832 that recognised Greece as an independent nation?
    Year of Question :(2016 D)

    Answer: Treaty of 1832: Constantinople

    Question 5.
    Name the event that mobilised nationalist feelings among the educated elite across Europe in 1830-1848?
    Year of Question :(2016 D)

    Answer: The Greek War of Independence in 1821

    Question 6.
    What was the main aim of revolutionaries of Europe during the years following 1815?
    Year of Question : (2016 )

    Answer: The main aim of revolutionaries of Europe was to oppose monarchial forms of government

    Question 7.
    Who remarked "when France sneezes the rest of Europe catches cold" ?
    Year of Question : (2016 D)

    Answer: Duke Metternich

    Question 8.
    Who was proclaimed German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles in January 1871?
    Year of Question : (2016 D)

    Answer: Kaiser William I of Prussia was proclaimed German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles in January 1871

    Question 9.
    Who was proclaimed the King of United Italy in 1861?
    Year of Question : (2016 D)

    Answer: Victor Emmanuel-II

    Question 10.
    Explain any three beliefs of the conservatism that emerged after 1815?
    Year of Question : (2011 OD)

    Answer: Three beliefs of conservatism that emerged after 1815 were: Established and traditional institutions of state and society like monarchy, the Church, property and family should be preserved. They believed in the modernization of the traditional institution to strengthen them, rather than returning to the society of pre-revolutionary days. Also they believed that abolition of feudalism and serfdom and replacing it with a modern army, an efficient bureaucracy and a dynamic economy could strengthen autocratic monarchies of Europe

    Question 11.
    Explain the contribution of Otto von Bismarck in German unification?
    Year of Question : (2011 OD)

    Answer: Contribution of Otto von Bismarck in German unification. Nationalist feelings started spreading amongst the middle class Germans, who in 1848, tried to unite different parts of German confederation into a nation state to have an elected parliamentarian government. However, this liberal movement was repressed by the combined forces of monarchy and military supported by Prussian landowners

    Prussian Chief Minister, Otto von Bismarck, took the responsibility of national unification with the help of Prussian army and bureaucracy. Under his leadership he fought three wars over seven years with Austria, Denmark and France. Prussia was victorious in all these wars and the process of unification of Germany was completed as a result of Prussias victory over France

    Question 12.
    Explain any three ways in which nationalist feelings were kept alive in Poland in the 18th and 19th centuries? Question asked?
    Year of Question : (2011 OD)

    Answer:The three ways in which nationalist feelings were kept alive in 18th and 19th centuries in Poland

    • Emphasis on vernacular language. Language played an important role in developing nationalist sentiments. The use of the Polish language came to be seen as a symbol of struggle against Russian dominance. For example, In Poland, following armed rebellion against Russian rule, Polish was used for church gatherings and religious instruction. As a result, a number of priests and bishops were put in jails or sent to Siberia as punishment for their refusal to preach in Russian
    • Emphasis on collection of local folklore. It was not just to recover an ancient national spirit, but also to carry the modern nationalist message to the large audience who were mostly illiterate
    • Use of music to keep the nationalist feeling alive. For example, Karol Kurpinski, celebrated the national struggle through his operas and music, turning folk dances like the polonaise and mazurka into nationalist symbols
    Question 13.
    Explain the contribution of Giuseppe Mazzini in spreading revolutionary ideas in Europe?
    Year of Question : (2011 OD)

    Answer: The year following 1815, was the period of revolutionaries. Most of the revolutionaries were committed to oppose monarchical forms and to fight for liberty and freedom

    One such prominent revolutionary was "Giuseppe Mazzini", an Italian revolutionary. Mazzini also saw the creation of nation-states as a necessary part in the struggle for freedom. Ele strongly believed in the unification of Italy as a single unified republic which could be the basis of Italian liberty

    Mazzinis relentless opposition to monarchy and his vision of a democratic republic frightened the Conservatives. His ideas also influenced the revolutionaries of Germany, France, Switzerland and Poland

    Question 14.
    Describe any three reforms introduced by Napoleon in the territories he conquered?
    Year of Question: (2013)

    Answer:Three reforms introduced by Napoleon in the territories he conquered were: The Napoleonic Code -It finished all the privileges based on birth and established equality before law and secured the right to property. He simplified administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues. He introduced uniform laws, standardized weights and measures and common national currency to facilitate the movement and exchange of goods and capital from one place to another

    Question 15.
    Explain any three causes of conflict in the Balkan area after 1871?
    Year of Question : (2011 OD)

    Answer: The nationalist tensions emerged in the Balkans due to the following reasons

    • Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic variation comprising modern-day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro whose inhabitants were known as the Slavs. A large part of Balkans was under the control of the Ottoman empire
    • After the decline of the Ottoman empire and the growth of romantic nationalism in the Balkans, the region became very explosive. Its European subject nationalities broke away from its control and declared independence
    • As the different nationalities struggled to define their identity and independence, the Balkan area became an area of intense conflict. The Balkan states were fiercely jealous of each other and each hoped to gain more territory at the expense of others
    • Balkan also became the scene of big power rivalry. Russia, Germany, England, Austria, Hungry - all big powers were keen in countering the hold of other powers. This ultimately turned Balkan into a war region which eventually provided a minor cause for the First World War
    Question 16.
    How did the local people in the areas conquered by Napoleon react to French rule? Explain?
    Year of Question : (2014 D)

    Answer: The reactions of the local population to the French rule were mixed. Initially, in many places such as Holland and Switzerland, as well as in cities like Brussels, Mainz, Milan and Warsaw, the French armies were welcomed as harbingers of liberty. As new administrative arrangements did not go hand in hand with political freedom, enthusiasm turned into hostility. Increased taxation, censorship, forced conscription into the French armies to conquer the rest of Europe, outweighed the advantages of the administrative changes

    Question 17.
    Explain the conditions that were viewed as obstacles to the economic exchange and growth by the new commercial classes during the nineteenth century in Europe?
    Year of Question : (2014 D)

    Answer: In the economic sphere, liberalism stood for the freedom of markets and the abolition of state-imposed restrictions on movement of goods and capital. But in the 19th century Napoleons administrative measures had created out of countless small principalities a confederation of 39 states. Each possessed its own currency, and weights and measures. A merchant travelling from Hamburg to Nuremberg had to pass through 11 custom barriers and pay 5% duty at each one of them. As each region had its own system of weights and measures this involved time-consuming calculations. Such conditions were viewed as obstacles to economic growth and exchange by the new commercial classes who argued for the creation of a unified economic territory allowing free movement of goods, people and capital

    Question 18.
    Describe the events of French Revolution which had influenced the people belonging to other parts of Europe?
    Year of Question : (2014 D)

    Answer: The first clear-cut expression of nationalism came with the French Revolution in 1789. In 1789, France was under the rule of an absolute monarch

  • When the revolutionaries came to power in France, they were determined to create a new sense of unity and nationhood. For this, they emphasized the concept of France being the father land (La Patrie) for all French people, who were from now on addressed as citizens (citoyen). They were given the tri-colour flag, the three colours representing liberty, equality and fraternity
  • French revolutionaries introduced various other measures such as
  • The Estate General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the National Assembly
  • New hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated all in the name of the nation
  • A centralised administrative system was put in place and it formulated uniform laws for all citizens within its territory
  • Internal customs, duties and dues were abolished and a uniform system of weights and measures was adopted
  • Regional dialects were discouraged and French, as it was spoken and written in Paris, became the common language of the nation
  • They further declared that it was the mission and the destiny of the French nation to liberate the people of Europe from despotism and help them to become nations
  • Question 19.
    How did nationalism develop through culture in Europe? Explain?
    Year of Question : (2014 D)
    Or Describe the role of culture in shaping the feelings of nationalism in Europe from 1830 to the end of 19th century.

    Answer: Culture, music, dance and religion played an important role in the growth of nationalism

    • Culture. Role of culture was important in creating the idea of the nation. Art, poetry, music etc. helped in developing and expressing nationalist feelings. Romanticism was a cultural movement that led to the development of nationalist sentiment. Romantic artists and poets criticized the glorification of reason and science and instead focussed on emotions and intuition
    • Language. Language too played an important role in developing nationalist sentiments. After Russian occupation, the Polish language was forced out of schools and Russian language was imposed everywhere. In 1831, an armed rebellion against Russian rule took place which was ultimately crushed. Following this, many members of the clergy in Poland began to use language as a weapon of national resistance
    • Music and Dance. Romantics such as the German philosopher Herder claimed that true German culture was to be discovered among the common people -das volk. It was through folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances that the true spirit of the nation was popularized
    Question 20.
    How had the female figures become an allegory of the nation during nineteenth century in Europe? Analyse?
    Year of Question : (2016 D)

    Answer: Artists in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries portrayed nations as female figures. The female form, that was chosen to personify the nation, did not stand for any particular woman in real life. Rather it sought to give the abstract idea of the nation in concrete form. That is, the female figure became the allegory of the nation

    In France, she was named Marianne -a popular Christian name and in Germany, Germania. Germania wears a crown of oak leaves as the German oak stands for heroism. The characteristics of Marianne were drawn from those of Liberty and Republic -the red cap, the tricolour and cockade

    Question 21.
    Describe any three steps taken by the French revolutionaries to create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people?
    Year of Question : (2017 D)

    Answer: The first clear-cut expression of nationalism came with the French Revolution in 1789. In 1789, France was under the rule of an absolute monarch

  • When the revolutionaries came to power in France, they were determined to create a new sense of unity and nationhood For this, they emphasized the concept of France being the father land (La Patrie) for all French people, who were from now on addressed as citizens (citoyen). They were given the tri-colour flag, the three colours representing liberty, equality and fraternity. French revolutionaries introduced various other measures such as
  • The Estate General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the National Assembly
  • New hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated all in the name of the nation
  • A centralized administrative system was put in place and it formulated uniform laws for all citizens within its territory
  • Internal customs, duties and dues were abolished and a uniform system of weights and measures was adopted
  • Regional dialects were discouraged and French, as it was spoken and written in Paris, became the common language of the nation
  • They further declared that it was the mission and the destiny of the French nation to liberate the people of Europe from despotism and help them to become nations
  • Question 22.
    Describe any three economic hardships faced by Europe in the 1830s. 2017OD?
    Year of Question : (2017 D)

    Answer: Following are the causes of economic hardships in Europe during 1830s

  • Europe had come under the grip of large scale unemployment. In most of the countries there were more seekers of jobs than employment. Cities had become overcrowded and slums had emerged as population from the rural areas migrated to the cities
  • Small producers in towns were often faced with stiff competition from imports of cheap machine- made goods from England where industrialization was more advanced specially in the field of textile production
  • In those regions of Europe, where aristocracy still enjoyed power, peasants struggled under the burden of feudal dues and obligations. The rise of food prices and bad harvests added to the hardships of the peasants
  • Long Answer Questions 5 Marks

    Question 23.
    What did Liberal Nationalism stand for? Explain any four ideas of Liberal Nationalists in the economic sphere?
    Year of Question : (2011 OD)

    Answer: Liberalism or Liberal Nationalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law. Lour ideas of Liberal Nationalists in the economic sphere are

  • Liberalism stood for freedom of markets and abolition of state imposed restriction. For example, Napoleons administration was a confederation of 29 states, each of these possessed its own currencies, weight and measures. Such conditions were viewed as obstacles to economic exchange
  • Liberal Nationalists argued for the creation of a unified economic territory allowing the unhindered movement of goods, people and capital
  • In 1834, a customs union or " zollverein" was formed. The union abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from 30 to 2
  • The creation of a network of railways further stimulated mobility, harnessing economic interest to national unification
    Question 24.
    "Napoleon had, no doubt, destroyed democracy in France, but in the administrative field he had incorporated revolutionary principles in order to make the whole system more rational and efficient." Support the statement?
    Year of Question : (2016 OD, 2014 OD, 2012 D)?

    Answer: Napoleon had brought revolutionary changes in the administrative field in order to make the whole system rational and efficient. The Civil Code of 1804 is usually known as the Napoleonic Code

  • The first major change was doing away with all privileges based on birth, establishing equality before law and securing the right to property
  • Administrative divisions were simplified
  • Feudal system was abolished and peasants were freed from serfdom and manorial dues (abuse of manorial lords)
  • In towns, guild restrictions were removed
  • Transport and communication systems were improved
  • Peasants, artisans, workers and new businessmen enjoyed a new found freedom
  • Businessmen and small-scale producers of goods in particular began to realize that uniform laws, standardised weights and measures and a common national currency would facilitate the movement and exchange of goods and capital from one region to another
  • Question 25.
    How did culture play an important role in creating the idea of the nation in Europe? Explain with examples?
    Year of Question : (2013 D)

    Answer: Culture, music, dance and religion played an important role in the growth of nationalism

    • Role of culture was important in creating the idea of the nation. Art, poetry, music etc. helped in developing and expressing nationalist feelings. Romanticism was a cultural movement that led to the development of nationalist sentiment. Romantic artists and poets criticized the glorification of reason and science and instead focussed on emotions and intuition
    • Artists in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries portrayed nations as female figures. The female form, that was chosen to personify the nation, did not stand for any particular woman in real life. Rather it sought to give the abstract idea of the nation in concrete form. That is, the female figure became the allegory of the nation.In France, she was named Marianne-a popular Christian name and in Germany, Germania
    • Language too played an important role in developing nationalist sentiments. After Russian occupation, the Polish language was forced out of schools and Russian language was imposed everywhere. In 1831, an armed rebellion against Russian rule took place which was ultimately crushed. Following this, many members of the clergy in Poland began to use language as a weapon of national resistance
    • Romantics such as the German philosopher Herder claimed that true German culture was to be discovered among the common people - das volk. It was through folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances that the true spirit of the nation was popularized
    Question 26.
    Explain any five economic hardships that Europe faced in the 1830s?
    Year of Question : (2016 OD, 2013 OD, 2011 D)

    Answer: anEurope had come under the grip of large scale unemployment. In most of the countries there were more seekers of jobs than employment. Cities had become overcrowded and slums had emerged as population from the rural areas migrated to the cities. Small producers in towns were often faced with stiff competition from imports of cheap machine-made goods from England where industrialization was more advanced specially in the field of textile production. In those regions of Europe, where aristocracy still enjoyed power, peasants struggled under the burden of feudal dues and obligations. The rise of food prices and bad harvests added to the hardships of the peasants

    Question 27.
    Describe any five measures which were introduced by the French Revolutionaries to create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people?
    Year of Question : (2016 OD, 2013 OD, 2011 D)

    Answer: The first clear-cut expression of nationalism came with the French Revolution in 1789. In 1789, France was under the rule of an absolute monarch

    • When the revolutionaries came to power in France, they were determined to create a new sense of unity and nationhood. For this, they emphasized the concept of France being the father land (La Patrie) for all French people, who were from now on addressed as citizens (citoyen). They were given the tri-colour flag, the three colours representing liberty, equality and fraternity
    • French revolutionaries introduced various other measures such as
    • The Estate General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the National Assembly
    • New hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated all in the name of the nation
    • A centralized administrative system was put in place and it formulated uniform laws for all citizens within its territory
    • Internal customs, duties and dues were abolished and a uniform system of weights and measures was adopted
    • Regional dialects were discouraged and French, as it was spoken and written in Paris, became the common language of the nation
    • They further declared that it was the mission and the destiny of the French nation to liberate the people of Europe from despotism and help them to become nations
    Question 28.
    How had revolutionaries spread their ideas in many European States after 1815? Explain with examples.?
    Year of Question : (2014 OD)

    Answer: During the years following 1815, the fear of repression drove many liberal nationalists underground

    • Secret societies sprang up in many European states to train revolutionaries and spread their ideas. Revolutionary ideas were spread by opposing monarchical forms and to fight for liberty and freedom
    • Most of the revolutionaries also saw the creation of nation-states as a necessary part of this struggle for freedom
    • Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian revolutionary bom in Geneva in 1807. He was a member of the Secret Society of the Carbonari. He attempted a revolution in 1831 and was sent into exile
    • He had set up two more underground societies, namely, Young Italy (1832) in Marseilles and then Young Europe in Berne. The members were like-minded young men from Poland, France, Italy and Germany
    • He opposed monarchy and small states and kingdoms and dreamt of a Democratic Republic. He believed the unification of Italy alone could be the basis of Italian liberty
    Question 29.
    Describe the process of unification of Germany?
    Year of Question : (2015 D, 2013 D, 2012 D)

    Answer: Unification of Germany: In the 18th century, Germany was divided into a number of states. Some of these states ceased to exist during the Napoleonic wars. At the end of the war, there were still 39 independent states in Germany. Prussia was most powerful, dominated by big landlords known as Junkers

    • Nationalist feelings were widespread among middle class Germans who had tried to unite the different regions of the German federation into a nation-state governed by an elected Parliament
    • In May 1848, a large number of political associations came together to vote for an All German National Assembly. Their representatives met at Frankfurt and the FrankfurtAssembly proposed the unification of Germany as a constitutional monarchy under the King of Prussia as emperor
    • The King of Prussia rejected the offer and the liberal initiative of nation building was repressed by combined forces of the monarchy, the military and the Junkers
    • Then on, Prussia under its Chief Minister Otto von Bismarck led the movement for unification of Germany. Bismarck carried out this process with the help of the Prussian army and the bureaucracy. He fought three wars over seven years with Denmark, Austria and France. Prussia was victorious in all these wars and the process of unification was completed as a result of Prussias victory over France
    • Consequently, on 18th January 1871, an assembly comprising of princes of German states, representatives of the army, important Prussian ministers and Bismarck gathered in the Palace of Versailes and proclaimed the Prussian King, Kaiser William, the new German Emperor
    Question 30.
    Explain the process of unification of Italy?
    Year of Question : (2015 D, 2013 D, 2012 D)

    Answer: Italy too had a long history of political fragmentation. Italians were scattered over dynastic states and the multinationals Hamsburg Empire. Italy was divided into seven states. Italian language did not have one common form

    Guiseppe Mazzini had played an important role in the unification of Italy. He formed a secret society called Young Italy in Marseilles, to spread his goals. He believed Italy could not continue to be a patchwork of small states and had to be forged into a single unified republic. During 1830s, Mazzini sought to put together a coherent programme for a unitary Italian Republic. As uprisings in 1831 and 1848 had failed, the mantle now fell on Sardinia-Piedmont under its ruler Emmanuel II to unify Italy

    Under Chief Minister Cavour, Sardinia-Piedmont succeeded in defeating the Austrian forces in 1859. He was the chief minister, who led the movement to unify Italy. He formed a tactful diplomatic alliance with France and defeated the Austrian forces. Even Guiseppe Garibaldi joined the fray. In 1860, they marched towards South Italy and the Kingdom of the two Sicilies, and with the help of the local peasants, drove out the Spanish rulers. In 1861, Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed as King of United Italy

    Question 31.
    Describe the process of Unification of Britain?
    Year of Question : (2015 D, 2013 D, 2012 D)

    Answer: Nationalism in Britain was different from the rest of Europe

    • Nationalism in Britain was not the result of a sudden uprising or revolution. It was the result of a long drawn out process
    • There was no British nation prior to 18th century. The inhabitants of British Isles were ethnic ones - English, Welsh, Scot or Irish. Though each had their own culture and political traditions, the English nation steadily grew in wealth, importance and power and expanded its influence over other nations, such as Scotland
    • The British Parliament was dominated by its English members. They tried to suppress Scotlands distinct culture and political institutions. They could neither speak their language nor could they wear their national dress. A large number of them were driven out of their homeland
    • In 1688, through a bloodless revolution the English Parliament seized power from the monarchy and became the instrument to set up a nation-state at its centre
    • By the Act of Union in 1707, Scotland was incorporated in the United Kingdom. Though the Irish Catholics were against a union with England, Ireland was forcibly incorporated in United Kingdom in 1801
    • Thus it was parliamentary action and not revolution or war that was the instrument through which the British nation was formed
    • A new British Nation was formed through propagation of English culture. The symbols of the New Britain-"the British Flag (Union Jack), National Anthem (God save our noble King) and the English language" were promoted, and the older nations became the subordinate partners in the Union
    Question1.
    Who was "Frédéric Sorrieu"? What was his vision for the world in 1848?

    Answer:

    Frédéric Sorrieu:

    A "French artist" who created a series of four prints in 1848

    • His vision was of a world composed of democratic and social Republics
    • In the first print, he depicted the people of "Europe" and "America" marching towards the statue of "Liberty"
    • The people were from different nations, identified by their flags and costumes
    Question2.
    How did the "French Revolution" contribute to the rise of nationalism?

    Answer:

    • The French Revolution of 1789 was the first clear expression of nationalism
    • Sovereignty was transferred from the monarch to the citizens of France
    • New symbols like the tricolour flag and the ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) promoted a sense of collective identity
    • French armies spread the ideas of nationalism throughout "Europe"
    Question3.
    What changes did "Napoleon" introduce in the territories under his control?

    Answer:

    Napoleonic Code of 1804:

    • Abolished privileges based on birth
    • Ensured equality before the law
    • Secured the right to property

    Administrative Reforms:

    • Abolished the feudal system
    • Introduced uniform laws and simplified administrative divisions
    • Promoted the freedom of peasants from serfdom and manorial dues
    Question4.
    What was the "Vienna Congress" of 1815 and its impact on Europe?

    Answer:

    • Held in 1815, after the defeat of Napoleon
    • Led by Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich
    • Aimed to restore monarchies and undo the changes brought by Napoleon
    • The Treaty established a balance of power to prevent future wars
    Question5.
    Who was "Giuseppe Mazzini"? Why is he important in the history of nationalism?

    Answer:

    • Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian revolutionary born in 1807 in Genoa
    • He founded the secret societies Young Italy and Young Europe to promote the idea of a unified republic
    • Mazzini believed that nations were the natural units of mankind
    • His efforts inspired nationalist movements across Europe
    Question6.
    What role did culture play in the growth of nationalism in Europe?

    Answer:Culture, including art, music, and literature, was crucial in shaping nationalist feelings

    Romanticism:

    A cultural movement that focused on emotions and mystical feelings rather than reason.

    Folklore and Folk songs:

    Collecting and preserving folk traditions was seen as a way to build national identity (e.g., the work of the Grimm Brothers in "Germany")

    Question7.
    What was the significance of the "Greek War of Independence"?

    Answer:

    • Began in 1821, Greece was under the Ottoman Empire since the 15th century
    • Inspired by nationalism, the Greeks received support from Europeans who saw Greece as the cradle of European civilization
    • Famous supporters included the poet Lord Byron
    • The war led to the recognition of Greece as an independent nation in the Treaty of Constantinople (1832)
    Question8.
    Describe the process of "German Unification" under Otto von Bismarck?

    Answer:

    • Led by Prussia and its Prime Minister, Otto von Bismarck
    • Unification was achieved through three wars
    • War with Denmark
    • War with Austria
    • Franco-Prussian War
    • In 1871, the German Empire was declared, and King William I of Prussia became the Kaiser
    Question9.
    How did the idea of nation-state develop in "Italy"?

    Answer:

    • Italy was divided into several states, some under foreign control
    • Giuseppe Mazzini and Giuseppe Garibaldi played key roles in promoting Italian unification
    • King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia-Piedmont led the unification efforts, assisted by his Prime Minister, Count Camillo de Cavour
    • Italy was unified by 1871, but many Italians were unaware of the idea of a nation-state
    Question10.
    Why did nationalist tensions rise in the "Balkans"?
    • The Balkans was home to various Slavic nationalities, under the control of the Ottoman Empire
    • As the Ottoman Empire weakened, these nationalities fought for independence
    • Rivalries among the Balkan states and interference from European powers (like Russia, Germany, and Austria-Hungary) made the region unstable
    • These tensions eventually contributed to the outbreak of World War I in 1914
    Question11.
    What were the allegorical figures of "Marianne" and "Germania"?

    Answer:

    Marianne:

    The female allegory of France, symbolizing Liberty and the Republic.

    Germania:

    The female allegory of Germany, symbolizing heroism and national unity. Both were depicted with symbols like crowns, swords, and flags to represent national value

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