Question 1.
The Gujjar Bakarwals of Jammu and Kashmir are great herders of _________ .
Answer:
Goat and sheep
Question 2.
When the high mountains were covered with snow, the herds were grazed in the _________ .
Answer:
Low hills
Question 3.
The Gaddi shepherds belong to _________ .
Answer:
Himachal Pradesh
Question 4.
The Gaddi shepherds spent their winter in _________ .
Answer:
The low hills of Siwalik range
Question 5.
Why were wasteland rules enacted by the colonial officials ?
Answer:
To turn the uncultivated lands into cultivable lands.
Question 6.
Africans depend on some form of pastoral activity for their _________ .
Answer:
Livelihood
Question 7.
The Maasai cattle herders live primarily in _________ .
Answer:
East Africa
Question 8.
Name the pastoral communities of the mountains.
Answer:
Gujjars, Gaddis, Bhotiyas and Sherpas
Question 9.
The word Maasai means _________ .
Answer:
My people
Question 10.
In 1885, Massailand was cut into half with an international boundary between :
Answer:
Kenya and Tanganyika
Question 11.
Give one advantage of changing grazing lands into cultivated farms by British in India.
Answer:
Land revenue was one of the main sources of income, by expanding cultivation it would increase its revenue collection.
Question 12.
Large areas of grazing land in East Africa were turned into _________ .
Answer:
Game reserves.
Question 13.
When did European imperial powers divide Africa into different colonies?
Answer:
1885.
Question 14.
Maasai society was divided into two social categories _________ .
Answer:
Elders and warriors.
Question 15.
What kind of permit was given to the pastoralists by the forest department?
Answer:
The permit specified the periods in which these pastoralists could live legally within a forest. If they overstayed they were made to pay fines.
Question 16.
The Criminal Tribes Act, 1871 classified the communities of craftsman, traders and pastoralists as _________ .
Answer:
Criminal Tribes.
Question 17.
What was the status of the Massai pastoralists in pre-colonial times ?
Answer:
They had dominated their agricultural neighbours both economically and politically.
Question 18.
Who were called “The Elders’ in Maasai society?
Answer:
The Elders formed the ruling group and met in periodic councils to decide on the affairs of the community and settle disputes.
Question 19.
What are the main occupations of Raikas?
Answer:
Raikas combined a range of different activities-cultivation, trade, and herding to make their living.
Question 20.
Who were ‘Dhangars’ ?
Answer:
‘Dhangars’ were an important pastoral community of Maharashtra.
Question 21.
What are the major activities of the pastoral communities of Africa?
Answer:
They raise cattle, camels, goats, sheep and donkeys. They sell milk, meat, animal skin and wool.
Question 22.
What kind of duty was assigned to the warriors?
Answer:
They defended the community and organised cattle raids.
Question 23.
Where is the Serengeti National Park located?
Answer:
The Serengeti National Park is in Tanzania.