Social Science Class 10 Important Questions Geography Chapter 5 Minerals and Energy Resources
Question 1.
Define the term mineral?
Year of Question :(2012 D)
Answer:
Geologists define mineral as a "homogeneous, naturally occurring substance with a definable internal structure." They have physical and chemical properties by which they can be identified
Question 2.
Define the term rock?
Year of Question :(2014 D)
Answer:
Rocks are combinations or aggregates of minerals in varying proportions. Some rocks consist of a single mineral, e.g., limestone while most rocks consist of several minerals
Question 3.
Define the term ore?
Year of Question :(2012 D)
Answer:
The term ore is used to describe an accumulation of any mineral mixed with other elements
Question 4.
Name the finest quality of iron ore?
Year of Question :(2012 D)
Answer:
Magnetite is the finest quality of iron ore
Question 5.
Orissa is the leading producer of which mineral?
Year of Question :(2012 OD)
Answer:
Manganese ore
Question 6.
.
Name one fossil fuel which is considered environment friendly?
Year of Question :(2012 D)
Answer:
Natural gas
Question 7.
Which is the main source of energy in India?
Year of Question :(2012 D)
Answer:
The main source of energy in India is fossil fuels especially coal
Question 8.
In which non-conventional source of energy is India referred to as a super power?
Year of Question :(2013 D)
Answer:
Wind Power
Question 9.
Which mineral is formed by decomposition of rocks, leaving a residual mass of weathered material ?
Year of Question :(2014 D)
Answer:
Bauxite
Question 10.
Name the state where the largest wind farm cluster is located?
Year of Question :(2014 D)
Answer:
Tamil Nadu
Question 11.
In which State are the Balaghat Copper mines located ?
Year of Question :(2014 D)
Answer:
Madhya Pradesh
Question 12.
Which is the most abundantly available fossil fuel in India? Name its four major forms ?
Year of Question :(2014 D)
Answer:
Coal;
- Anthracite
- Lignite
- bituminous
- peat
Question 13.
Which rock consists of a single mineral only ?
Year of Question :(2015 D)
Answer:
Limestone consists of a single mineral only
Question 14.
How do minerals occur in sedimentary rocks ?
Year of Question :(2015 OD)
Answer:
In sedimentary rocks a numbers of minerals occur in beds or layers. They have been formed as a result of deposition, accumulation and concentration in horizontal strata.
For example, coal, iron ore
Question 15.
Why are there a wide range of colours, hardness, crystal forms, lustre and density found in minerals ?
Year of Question :(2016 D)
Answer:
A mineral that will be formed from a certain combination of elements depends upon the physical and chemical conditions under which the mineral forms. It is because of these physical and chemical conditions that minerals possess a wide range of colours, crystal forms, lustre and density
Question 16.
How do minerals occur in igneous and metamorphic rocks ?
Year of Question :(2016 D)
Answer:
In igneous and metamorphic rocks, minerals may occur in cracks, crevices, faults and joints
Question 17.
How do minerals occur in sedimentary rocks ?
Year of Question :(2016 D)
Answer:
In sedimentary rocks a number of minerals occur in beds or layers. They have been formed as a result of deposition, accumulation and concentration in horizontal stratas
Question 18.
Why should the use of cattle cake as fuel be discouraged ?
Year of Question :(2016 OD)
Answer:
Using dung cake or cattle cake as fuel is being discouraged because it consumes most valuable manure which could be used in agriculture
Question 19.
How are Gobar gas plants beneficial to the farmers ?
Year of Question :(2016 OD)
Answer:
"Gobar Gas Plants" are beneficial to the farmers in the form of energy and improved quality of manure
Question 20.
Where is the largest solar plant located in India ?
Year of Question :(2009 OD)
Answer:
The largest solar plants located at Madhapur near Bhuj in Gujarat
Question 21.
Name the industry which uses limestone as its main raw material ?
Year of Question :(2010 D)
Answer:
Cement industry
Question 22.
How is energy an indispensable requirement of our modem life? Explain with three examples ?
Year of Question :(2011 D)
Answer:
Modern life is highly governed by technology and revolves around it. Modem technology is driven by energy and is highly automated. Every sector of National economy - agriculture, industry, transport and commerce need greater inputs of energy. In the domestic sector also, energy demands, in the form of electricity, are growing because of increasing use of electric gadgets and appliances. Energy is the basic requirement for economic development
Question 23.
Mention any three characteristics of ferrous group of minerals found in India ?
Year of Question :(2011 D)
Answer:
Metallic minerals that have iron in them are called ferrous minerals. For example, iron ore, manganese, nickel, cobalt etc.
Three characteristics of ferrous group of minerals found in India are
- Ferrous minerals account for about three fourths of the total value of the production of metallic minerals
- They provide a strong base for the development of metallurgical industries
- India exports substantial quantities of ferrous minerals to Japan and South Korea after meeting her internal demands
Question 24.
Why is there a pressing need to use non-conventional sources of energy in India? Explain any three reasons ?
Year of Question :(2011 D)
Answer:
- The growing consumption of energy has resulted in India becoming increasingly dependent on fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas which are found in limited quantity on the earth
- Rising prices of oil and gas and their potential shortages have raised uncertainties about the security of energy supply in future, which in turn has serious repercussions on the growth of the national economy
- Increasing use of fossil fuels also causes serious environmental degradation like air pollution, water pollution etc.
So there is an urgent need to use sustainable energy resources like solar, water, wind, tide biomass etc
Question 25.
Make a distinction between hydroelectricity and thermal electricity stating three points of distinction.
Or
What are the two main ways of generating electricity? How are they different from each other. Explain ?
Year of Question :(2011 OD)
Answer:
Electricity is generated mainly in two ways
- By running water which drives hydro turbines to generate hydro electricity
- By burning other fuels such as coal, petroleum and natural gas to drive turbines to produce thermal power
| Hydroelectricity |
Thermal electricity |
| Hydroelectricity is generated by fast flowing water which drives turbines to generate electricity |
Thermal electricity is generated by using coal, petroleum and natural gas |
| It is a renewable resource and is cheap |
The thermal power stations use non¬renewable fossil fuels |
| India has a number of multipurpose projects like the Bhakra Nangal, Damodar Valley Cor¬poration etc. producing hydroelectric power |
There are over 310 thermal power plants in India |
Question 26.
"Minerals are an indispensable part of our lives." Comment ?
Year of Question :(2012 OD)
Answer:
Almost everything we use, from a tiny pin to a towering building or a ship, all are made from minerals. All means of transport are manufactured from minerals and run on power resources derived from the earth. Even the food that we eat contains minerals. Human beings have used minerals for their livelihood, decorations, festivities and in all stages of development
Question 27.
Mention any three major iron-ore belts of India. Write any three characteristics of the southern most iron-ore belt ?
Year of Question :(2012 D)
Answer:
The three major iron-ore belts of India are as follows
- Orissa-Jharkhand belt
- Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur belt in Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra
- Bellary-Chitradurga-Chikmaglur-Tumkur belt in Karnataka
- Maharashtra-Goa belt
- Bellary-Chitradurga-Chikmaglur-Tumkur belt is the southern most iron-ore belt.
Characteristics
- This belt in Karnataka has large reserves of iron-ore
- Kudremukh mines in the Western Ghats are known to be one of the largest in the world
- Kudremukh is a 100 per cent export unit and the ore is transported as slurry through a pipeline to a port near Mangalore
Question 28.
Classify energy resources into two categories. Give two examples of each ?
Year of Question :(2012 D)
Answer:
Energy resources can be classified as conventional and non-conventional sources.
Conventional sources include-firewood, cattle-dung cake, coal, petroleum, natural gas, etc. Non-conventional sources include-solar, wind, tidal, geothermal energy and biogas
Question 29.
Differentiate between metallic and non-metallic minerals with examples ?
Year of Question :(2013 D)
Answer:
| Metallic minerals |
Non-metallic minerals |
| Metallic minerals generally occur in igneous and metamorphic rocks. Certain minerals may also occur as alluvial deposits in sands of valley floor and base of hills |
Non-metallic minerals occur in sedimentary rocks. They have been formed as a result of deposition, accumulation and concentration in the horizontal strata |
| Metallic minerals comprise of ferrous minerals, non-ferrous minerals and precious metals. Ferrous minerals containing iron-ore, cobalt, account for strong development of metallurgical industries.
Non-ferrous minerals, e.g., copper, bauxite and precious metals, e.g., gold, platinum and silver play a vital role in metallurgical engineering and electrical industries |
Non-metallic minerals comprise of mica, salt, limestone, granite, etc. Limestone is used as raw material in cement industries. Mica, salt and granite are indispensable minerals used in electric and electronic industries |
| Metallic minerals are found in Odisha, Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra |
Non-metallic minerals are found in Rajasthan, Jharkhand and Andhra Pradesh |
Question 30.
Differentiate between ferrous and non-ferrous minerals with examples ?
Year of Question :(2013 D)
Answer:
Ferrous minerals
- Ferrous minerals account for about three fourths of the total value of the production of metallic minerals
- They provide a strong base for the development of metallurgical industries
- India exports substantial quantities of ferrous minerals to Japan and South Korea after meeting her internal demands
Non-ferrous minerals
- Indias reserves and production of non-ferrous minerals is not very satisfactory
- Non-ferrous minerals include copper, bauxite, lead, zinc and gold
- They provide a strong base for the development of metallurgical, engineering and electrical industries
- Non-ferrous minerals like copper and bauxite are mainly found in Madhya Pradesh and Odisha respectively
Question 31.
Explain the use of petroleum as an energy resource and as an industrial raw material ?
Year of Question :(2011 OD)
Answer:
The use of petroleum as a source of energy
- It is used as a fuel for internal combustion engines in automobiles
- It is used as a fuel for railways and aircrafts
- It provides fuel for heat and lighting
- The use of petroleum as an industrial raw material
- It is used as lubricant for machinery
- It is used as raw material for a number of manufacturing industries, for example, chemical industry
- Its numerous by-products are used in petrochemical industries such as fertilizer, synthetic rubber, synthetic fibre, medicines, vaseline wax, soap, cosmetics etc
Question 32.
Distinguish between conventional and non-conventional sources of energy ?
Year of Question :(2013 D)
Answer:
Energy sources can be classified as conventional and non-conventional sources
| Conventional Sources |
Non-conventional Sources |
| They have been in use since ages |
The technology for their large-scale development is relatively new |
| Except hydel power they are exhaustible or non-renewable, e.g., coal, petroleum and natural gas |
They are inexhaustible sources of energy, e.g., solar, wind and tidal energy |
| These non-renewable resources create pollution |
They are pollution-free, therefore are eco¬friendly |
| Except water, all other sources of energy are available in limited quantities |
They are freely and abundantly available in nature |
| It is costly |
It is a cheaper source |
| Because of their limited availability and exhaustible nature, we cannot depend on them for a long time |
Because of their abundant availability, they are dependable sources. Therefore, they are called our future energy resources |
Question 33.
Explain any three steps to be taken to conserve the energy resources ?
Year of Question :(2012 OD)
Answer:
- We need to develop a sustainable path of energy development, i.e., increased use of renewable or non-conventional energy resources
- We have to adopt a cautious approach for the judicious use of our limited energy resources
- As concerned citizens we can do our bit by using public transport systems instead of individual vehicles, switching off electricity when not in use, using power saving devices etc
Question 34.
What is the use of manganese? Name the largest manganese-ore producing state of India ?
Year of Question :(2012 D)
Answer:
Manganese is mainly used in the manufacturing of the following items
- Steel (nearly 10 kg of manganese is required to manufacture 1 tonne of steel)
- Ferro-manganese alloy
- Bleaching powder
- Insecticides and paints
- Odisha (Orissa) is the largest producer of manganese-ore in India
Question 35.
Why is energy required for all activities? How can energy be generated ?
Year of Question :(2014 D)
Answer:
Energy is needed to cook, to provide light and heat, to propel vehicles and to drive machinery in industries. Energy is a basic requirement for economic development. Every sector of the national economy-agriculture, industry and transport-commercial and domestic needs inputs of energy.
Energy can be generated from fuel minerals like coal, petroleum, natural gas, uranium and from electricity. Conventional sources like firewood and cattledung cakes are most commonly used in rural India to generate energy
Question 36.
Environmental degradation has been seen everywhere/ Explain any three values that can help to prevent environment degradation ?
Year of Question :(2014 D)
Answer:
Three values that can help to prevent Environmental Degradation
- We must ensure sustainable and equitable use of resources without degrading the environment or risking health or safety
- We must raise awareness and consciousness among people about the importance of judicious use of resources to prevent degradation of land, water, vegetation and air
- The following measures must be adopted to prevent environmental degradation
- Minimising use of water for processing by reusing and recycling it
- Smoke can be reduced by using oil or gas instead of coal in factories
- Almost all machinery can be redesigned to increase energy efficiency and reduce noise
Question 37.
Which is the most abundantly available fossil fuel in India? Mention its different forms ?
Year of Question :(2015 D)
Answer:
The most abundantly available fossil fuel is Coal.
There are four types of coal
- Anthracite. It is the highest quality hard coal. It contains more than 80% carbon content. It gives less smoke
- Bituminous. It is the most popular coal in commercial use and has 60-80% carbon content. Metallurgical coal is high grade bituminous coal and is of special value for smelting iron in blast furnaces
- Lignite. It is a low grade brown coal. It is soft with high moisture content
- Peat. It has a low carbon and high moisture content. It has low heating capacity and gives lot of smoke on burning
Question 38.
How is the mining activity injurious to the health of the miners and environment ?
Year of Question :(2015 D)
Answer:
Adverse effect on health: The dust and noxious fumes inhaled by miners make them vulnerable to pulmonary diseases.
The risk of collapsing mine roofs, inundation and fires in coal mines are a constant threat to miners.
Adverse effects on the environment:
The water sources in the region get contaminated due to mining.
Dumping of slurry and waste leads to degradation of land, soil and increase in stream and river pollution. Stricter safety regulations and implementation of environmental laws are essential to prevent mining from becoming a killer industry
Question 39.
In the present day energy crisis what steps will you like to take for saving energy ?
Year of Question :(2015 D)
Answer:
Energy is required for all activities. It is needed to cook, to provide light and heat, to propel vehicles and to drive machinery in industries
- Energy is the basic requirement for economic development
- Every sector of national economy - agriculture, industry, transport and commerce needs greater inputs of energy
- In the domestic sector also, energy demands, in the form of electricity, are growing because of increasing use of electrical gadgets and appliances
We have to adopt a cautious approach for the judicious use of our limited energy resources. So conservation of energy should be done at all levels. Increased use of renewable energy resources, e.g., solar energy, hydel power, etc.
We, as concerned citizens can help conserve energy in the following ways
- Using more of public transport system instead of individual vehicles
- Switching off electrical devices when not in use
- Using power saving devices
- Using non-conventional sources of energy such as solar energy, wind energy etc
- Getting the power equipment regularly checked to detect damages and leakages
Question 40.
How can solar energy solve the energy problem to some extent in India? Give your opinion ?
Year of Question :(2015 OD)
Answer:
Reasons
- India is a tropical country and gets abundant sunshine
- It has enormous possibilities of tapping solar energy
- It is an inexhaustible source of energy which is freely available in nature
- It is a cheaper source of energy and is fast becoming popular in rural and remote areas
- Photovaltic technology is available which converts sunlight directly into electricity
- Because of its abundant and free availability in all parts of India in addition to its ecofriendly nature, solar energy is called the energy of future
- Also use of solar energy will minimise the dependence of rural households on firewood. It will contribute to environmental conservation and reduce pressure on conventional sources of energy
Question 41.
Consumption of energy in all forms has been rising all over the country. There is an urgent need to develop a sustainable path of energy development and energy saving/ Suggest and explain any three measures to solve this burning problem ?
Year of Question :(2016 OD)
Answer:
Every sector of the national economy-agriculture, industry, transport, (commercial and domestic), needs greater inputs of energy.
With increasing population and changing lifestyles energy consumption is increasing very fast. We are not self sufficient in energy according to demands. Therefore we have to adopt a cautious approach for the judicious use of our limited resources. Conservation of energy should be done at all levels.
Three measures to reduce consumption of energy in all forms
- We can do our bit by using public transport systems instead of individual vehicles
- Switching off electricity when not in use
- Using power saving devices or using non-conventional sources of energy such as solar energy, wind energy etc
- Checking the power equipments regularly can help in saving of energy
Question 42.
What are the main types of formations in which minerals occur ?
Year of Question :(2013 D)
Answer:
Minerals generally occur in the following forms
- Veins and lodes. In igneous and metamorphic rocks minerals may occur in the cracks, faults or joints by getting solidified in them. The smaller occurrences are called veins and the larger lodes, eg., metallic minerals like tin, copper, zinc and lead etc. are found in lodes and veins
- In sedimentary rocks minerals occur in beds or layers. They are formed as a result of deposition, accumulation and concentration in horizontal strata. Some sedimentary minerals are formed as a result of evaporation, especially in arid regions eg., gypsum, potash and salt
- Another mode of formation involves decomposition of surface rocks and the removal of soluble contents, leaving a residual mass of weathered material containing ores. Bauxite is formed this way
- Placer deposits. Certain minerals occur as alluvial deposits in sands of valley floors and the base of hills, eg., gold, silver, tin and platinum. These are called placer deposits and contain minerals which are not corroded by water
- Ocean waters contain vast quantities of minerals, eg., common salt, magnesium and bromide are largely derived from the ocean waters. The ocean beds are rich in manganese nodules
Question 43.
Why is there a pressing need to use renewable energy resources in India? Explain any five reasons ?
Year of Question :(2013 OD)
Answer:
- The growing consumption of energy has resulted in India becoming increasingly dependent on fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas which are found in limited quantity on the earth. So there is an urgent need to use sustainable energy resources like solar, water, wind etc
- Rising prices of oil and gas and their potential shortages have raised uncertainties about the security of energy supply in future, which in turn has serious repercussions on the growth of the national economy
- Increasing use of fossil fuels also causes serious environmental degradation like air pollution, water pollution etc
- Renewable sources of energy are pollution free and do not cause harm to ozone, therefore they are eco-friendly
- They are a cheaper source and are freely and abundantly available in nature
Question 44.
How is energy a basic requirement for the economic development of the country? Explain with examples ?
Year of Question :(2013 OD)
Answer:
Reasons
- Energy is the basic requirement for economic development
- Every sector of national economy-agriculture, industry, transport and commerce needs greater inputs of energy
- In the domestic sector also, energy demands, in the form of electricity, are growing because of increasing use of electric gadgets and appliances
- The economic development plans implemented since independence necessarily required increasing amounts of energy
- Because of all these, per capita consumption of energy is continuously increasing
Question 45.
Why is it necessary to conserve mineral resources? Suggest any four ways to conserve mineral resources ?
Year of Question :(2013 OD 2012 OD 2017 OD)
Answer:
Conservation of minerals is necessary because of the following reasons
- The formation of minerals takes a long geological period of millions of years
- They are finite, i.e., limited in nature
- Many of them are non-renewable and exhaustible
- The rate of replenishment of minerals is infinitely small in comparison to rate of consumption
- They have to be preserved for our future generations because they are very important for industrial development of the nation
Ways to mineral conservation
- We should use minerals in a planned and sustainable manner
- Improved technologies need to be evolved to allow use of low grade ores at low cost
- Recycling of metals should be done
- Using scrap metals and other substitutes should be promoted.
Wastages in mining, processing and distribution should be minimized
- Controlled export of minerals should be undertaken
Question 46.
"There is an urgent need to develop a sustainable path of energy development." Give two broad measures for it. As concerned citizens, how can you help conserve energy ?
Year of Question :(2011 OD)
Answer:
Two broad measures to develop a sustainable path of energy development are
- We have to adopt a cautious approach for the judicious use of our limited energy resources. So conservation of energy should be done at all levels
- Increased use of renewable energy resources, e.g., solar energy, hydel power, etc.
Concerned citizens can help conserve energy in the following ways
- Using more of public transport system instead of individual vehicles
- Switching off electricity when not in use
- Using power saving devices
- Using non-conventional sources of energy such as solar energy, wind energy etc
- Getting the power equipment regularly checked to detect damages and leakages
Question 47.
Highlight the importance of petroleum. Explain the occurrence of petroleum in India ?
Year of Question :(2016 D)
Answer:
Importance of Petroleum in India
- It is the second most important energy source of India after coal. It can be easily transported by pipelines and does not leave any residue. This property of petroleum gives it an added advantage in its use over other fuels
- It provides fuel for heat and light
- It provides lubricants for machinery
- It provides raw material for a number of manufacturing industries
- It is an important fuel used in transportation sector
- Petroleum refineries act as a nodal industry for synthetic textiles, fertilizers and many chemical industries
Occurrence of Petroleum in India
- Most of the petroleum occurrences in India are associated with anticlines and fault traps in the rock formations of the tertiary age
- In regions of folding anticlines it occurs where oil is trapped in the crest of the upfold. The oil bearing layer is porous limestone or sandstone through which oil may flow
- Petroleum is also found in fault traps between porous and non-porous rocks
Question 48.
Energy saved is energy produced. Assess the statement ?
Year of Question :(2017 D)
Answer:
Energy saved is energy produced. We cannot keep on producing non-renewable resources like petrol, diesel and electricity. So the need of the hour is the better utilization of existing resources. Energy depletion has become a global phenomenon at present time. The biggest problem that man has to face in near future is the energy crisis.
The demand of energy is growing manyfold in the form of coal, oil, gas or electricity but the energy sources are becoming scarce and costlier. Nearly 97% of the worlds consumed energy is coming from fossil fuels, coal, petroleum and natural gas. Among the various strategies for meeting energy demand, the efficient use of energy and its conservation is the best solution .
Following are some measures to conserve energy resources
- We should try and use more and more public transport system instead of private vehicles
- Electronic devices must be switched off when not in use
- Reducing the consumption of non-renewable sources of energy
- Solar Power should be used to the maximum to generate electricity
- Recycling of goods and commodities can also help to conserve energy
Introduction to Minerals
Question1.
Describe the main properties of a mineral?
Answer:AnDefination of Minerals:Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic solid with a crystalline structure and a definite chemical composition. They must be all solid, a single phase, have a specific chemical formula and be naturally formed by geological processes
Question2.
Explain classification of minerals?
Answer:There are two essential categories of minerals
Used in construction and electronics; metallic minerals such as: iron, copper, gold.
Industrial Minerals (eg: Limestone, Quartz, Gypsum)
Locating and Developing Mineral Resources
Question1.
What are the two major methods of mining?
Answer:Three common mining techniques.
Open-pit mining such as strip mining which is used for both ferrous and non-ferrous ores, the term "ferrous" corresponds to metals containing iron
Question2.
Underground Mining [seat mining (depth of deposit plow)] Implementing them had a varying effectiveness level and led to different environmental outcomes which include habitat destructions and pollutions What are mineral reserves and resources?
Answer:Mineral reserves are subdivisions of mineral resources -r esources are all remaining ores that have yet to become reserves
Energy Resources
Question1.
Distinguish between renewable and non-renewable energy resources?
Answer:Types of renewable energy include solar, wind, and hydropower; these are naturally replenished.
Finite (Coal, oil & natural gasDetail: such sources are non-renewables that will deplete over time and who environmental damage cannot be easily restored.)
Question2.
Why would you want to use fossil fuels?
Answer:The fossil fuels because they are dense source of energy, cheap and available every where. Today, they are the primary energy source for electricity generation and transportation
Energy:Renewable energy sources
What Are Some Solar Energy Technologies
Question1.
How Is Solar Power Generated? A1: Solar power is collected by the use of.
The sunsets provide energy by solar photovoltaic cells : the direct conversion of light contain from sunlight into electricity?
Answer:Solar thermal Systems that use sunlight to heat fluids, which produce steam generating turbines
Question2.
What is the generation of wind energy?
Answer:Wind: Electric energy can be obtained by windpower generation Wind power generation results in converting the wind energy to rotational energy of the blades, then converts the rotational eneergy to electrical ennergy through generator. Because the wind energy increases with cubeth of the wind speed, so WTGs should be installed at higher wind speed area.
We work with wind turbine manufacturers in enabling the sale of their turbines and worked on wind farm development using our sales channel. We continue to work on own wind power generation development in addition to our work on the thermal and hydraulic power plant field, planning, designing and producing electronic devices such as controlling systems with developing oriented around our accumulated advances. We supports customers with our ability to stand on both the manufacturer and user sides offering solutions in wide range of conditions.
Impacts on Economy and Environment
Question1.
Inflation and other nest minerals in the financial crevices of our economies?
Answer:Changes in mineral prices can trigger economic impacts by modifying trade balances, government revenues (mainly in resource-rich countries), and the financial performance of mining companies
Question 2.
What environmental costs are associated with mining?
Answer:The environmental impact includes land degradation, water pollution, habitat destruction and soil erosion, which can have long term consequences on ecosystems as well as human health
Future Energy and Minerals
Question1.
What trends will the future of mineral and energy resource consumption be determined by?
Answer:the trend of moving towards renewable sources, energy efficiency, technological advancements in extraction and recycling, and finally an increase awareness in sustainability
Question2.
Second question -- But most particularly, what is the role that rare earth elements play in technology?
Answer:High-tech gadgets such as smartphones, electric vehicles and renewable energy technologies depend on the magnetism and electrical conductance of rare earth elements
Question1.
What are minerals?
Answer:
Definition:
- Minerals are "naturally occurring" substances with a definable internal structure
- Found in various forms, from the hardest, like diamond, to the softest, like talc.
Types of minerals
- Can be metallic (e.g., iron, copper) or non-metallic (e.g., mica, limestone)
Question2.
What are the main modes of occurrence of minerals?
Answer:
In igneous and metamorphic rocks:
- Minerals occur in veins (small deposits) and lodes (large deposits).
Example: Copper, tin, zinc
In sedimentary rocks:
- Minerals found in beds or layers, formed by deposition.
Example: Coal, iron ore
Residual deposits:
- Formed by the decomposition of rocks.
Example: Bauxite
Placer deposits:
- Found in river sands or valleys.
Example: Gold, platinum
Question3.
Describe the distribution of iron ore in India?
Answer:
Odisha-Jharkhand belt:
- High-grade hematite in Badampahar (Odisha) and Singbhum (Jharkhand)
Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur belt:
- Bailadila hills in Chhattisgarh have super high-grade hematite
- Iron ore exported from Vishakhapatnam port
Ballari-Chitradurga belt:
- Found in Karnataka (e.g., Kudremukh mines)
Maharashtra-Goa belt:
- Mined in Ratnagiri district (Maharashtra) and Goa
Question4.
What are the uses of manganese?
Answer:
- Used in the production of steel and ferro-manganese alloys
- Essential for manufacturing bleaching powder, insecticides, and paints
- Approximately 10 kg of manganese is needed to produce one tonne of steel
Question5.
What is coal, and how is it distributed in India?
Answer:
Definition:
- A fossil fuel formed from decaying plant material over millions of years
Types:
- Peat: Low carbon, high moisture content
- Lignite: Brown coal, found in Neyveli, Tamil Nadu
- Bituminous coal: Commonly used, found in Jharia, Raniganj (Jharkhand)
- Anthracite: High-grade coal, used in industries
Distribution:
- Found in the Damodar Valley (West Bengal-Jharkhand)
- Deposits also in Mahanadi and Godavari valleys
Question6.
Explain the importance of non-conventional energy resources?
Answer:
Solar Energy:
- Abundant in India due to its tropical climate
- Photovoltaic technology converts sunlight into electricity, used in rural areas
Wind Energy:
- Tamil Nadu has the largest wind farm
- Also found in Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra
Biogas:
- Produced from animal waste and used as cooking fuel
- Efficiently used in rural areas
Tidal Energy:
- Found in Gulf of Khambhat and Sunderban regions.
Question7.
Why do we need to conserve mineral resources?
Answer:
- Minerals are non-renewable and take millions of years to form
- Rapid extraction increases costs and reduces availability
- Conservation can be achieved through
- Recycling metals
- Using low-grade ores more efficiently
- Developing sustainable mining technologies
Question8.
What is the role of petroleum in Indias energy sector?
Answer:
Used for fuel, lubricants, and as a raw material for industries
Major petroleum-producing regions:
- Mumbai High (offshore), Ankleshwar (Gujarat), and Digboi (Assam)
- Petroleum refineries act as nodal centers for chemical industries
Question9.
What are the main differences between conventional and non-conventional energy sources?
Answer:
Conventional Sources:
- Include coal, petroleum, natural gas
- They are non-renewable and lead to environmental issues
- Non-conventional Sources
- Include solar, wind, biogas
- They are renewable, more environmentally friendly, and abundant
Question10.
How are minerals formed in igneous and metamorphic rocks?
Answer:
Igneous rocks:
- Minerals form in cracks and crevices as magma cools and solidifies
- Example: Tin, copper, zinc
- Metamorphic rocks
- Formed under intense heat and pressure
- Example: Manganese, iron ore
Q1. Which state is the largest producer of manganese in India? Mention any
four uses of manganese.
Ans: Odisha is the largest producer of manganese in India, uses of manganese are the following:
It is used in the manufacturing of ferromanganese alloys.
It is used in the manufacturing of bleaching powder.
It is used in insecticides, paint industries and the manufacturing of batteries.
It is used in the manufacturing of steel nearly 10 kg of manganese is required
to manufacture one tonne of Steel.
Q2. Explain the formation of Bauxite?
Ans: Bauxite is formed by the decomposition of a wide variety of rocks rich in
aluminium silicate. Intensive weathering of the surface rocks helps in their
decomposition. Thus, forming bauxite deposits.
Q3. What is Natural Gas?
Ans: Natural gas is a fossil fuel that serves as an important source of energy. It
is primarily composed of methane and is considered a cleaner energy source.
Natural gas is often found in association with petroleum but can also exist
independently in natural gas fields.
Q4. Difference between hydroelectricity and Thermal electricity.
HYDROELECTRICITY
Generated by running water.
Used as renewable resources.
Multipurpose projects like Bhakra Nangal. Etc
It does not cause pollution.
It is cheaper in the long run
THERMAL ELECTRICITY
Generated by burning of coal
and petroleum.
Use of non-conventional fossil
fuels to generate electricity.
It causes pollution.
It is expensive in the long run.
Q5. There is a pressing need for using renewable energy resources in India. Justify the statement.
Ans: There is a growing need to use renewable energy resources in India, for the following reasons:
(i) The conventional or non-renewable energy resources are depleting very fast and we are dependent on imports of petroleum & natural gas to meet our needs.
(ii) Renewable energy resources do not cause environmental pollution with their uses.
(iii) Non-conventional or renewable energy resources are very economical in use as compared to conventional sources. Thus, to save expenses, we should use renewable energy resources.
Q6. Choose the correct option.
A. Chandrapur Thermal Power Plant - Odisha
B. Mayurbhanj iron ore mines - Amarkantak
C. Kalol oil fields - Gujarat
D. Bauxite - Jharkhand
Ans: (c) Kalol oil field - Gujarat
Q7. Assertion/Reason
Assertion (A): Flood gate dams are built across rivers so that water flows into inlet and gets trapped during high tides.
Reason (R): Tidal energy is a non-conventional source of energy. Codes:
A. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
B. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
C. A is true but R is false.
D. A is false but R is true.
Ans: (B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.